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on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.AIM To explore HIV-positive drug users' experiences of taking antiretroviral medications in Taiwan and further develop a conceptual model that can be used to understand their adherence to the long-term treatment. BACKGROUND The global vision of ending AIDS by 2030 cannot be achieved without addressing HIV-positive drug users' experience of taking antiretroviral treatment. There remains a paucity of qualitative evidence on HIV-positive drug users' experiences of taking antiretroviral medications globally and in East Asia. Nurses play a key role in supporting HIV-positive drug users throughout their treatment process. Therefore, it is pivotal to understand HIV-positive drug users' experiences of managing long-term anti-HIV treatment. DESIGN This qualitative study drew on a constructivist grounded theory approach to achieve the aims. Semi-structured in-depth interviews with 22 HIV-positive drug users were conducted in Taiwan between September 2015 and July 2016. Data were analysed using Charmaz's coding principlevelopment of tailored adherence assessment and associated nursing interventions for this population. © 2020 John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.AIM To examine the influence of sociodemographic factors of interest on preference for a particular health education format among people with type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease. METHODS A questionnaire was used to collect information on the influence of six sociodemographic factors of interest on the preference for health education formats in people with type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease. Chi-squared tests were used to examine the distribution of preferences between groups. The characteristics of the population preferring the online format were then examined in more detail using logistic regression. RESULTS Responses were received from 1559 participants. Overall the preferred health education format was one-to-one learning from a doctor or nurse (67%). Age, gender, diagnosis and educational level all affected the preferences expressed. The characteristics showing most consistent and significant influence were age and educational level. Overall, 29% ranked the online format highly (scores 1 or 2). This group were more likely to be aged less then 65 years (P less then 0.001) and to have a higher level of educational attainment (upper secondary education or higher; P less then 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Significant differences between sociodemographic groups exist in preferences for health education formats among people with type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease. Preferences should be considered when designing educational interventions to ensure they are accessible to the target group and to avoid increases in health inequality. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.AIM To examine which competencies mentors and student nurse anaesthetists perceive as important in a clinical anaesthesia education practice. BACKGROUND Mentoring during clinical placement in the operating room can be challenging from the viewpoint of both a nurse anaesthetist and their students. The operating room is a work environment with many restrictions, and the nurse anaesthetist's work requires prompt decisions and actions. Simultaneously, the mentor is tasked with guiding and supporting the student. METHOD A qualitative approach including two focus group interviews was used. The analysis was conducted using systematic text condensation. The COREQ checklist for qualitative studies was applied. RESULT The analysis yielded two main categories, including two sub-categories for each. The first, "Mentoring in the operating room," contained sub-categories "Application of knowledge and expectations" and "Mentoring experiences," and the second, "Creating a good climate for learning," contained sub-categories learning strategy are crucial factors to take into account. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Clinical Nursing published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.AIMS To examine the effects of a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, tofogliflozin, on resting heart rate by exploring baseline factors that independently influenced changes in the resting heart rate. METHODS Data on 419 participants in tofogliflozin phase 2/3 trials were analysed. Changes in resting heart rate from baseline to week 24 were analysed using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with groups (tofogliflozin/placebo) as a fixed effect and baseline values as covariates. The antilipolytic effect was evaluated as adipose tissue insulin resistance (Adipo-IR) and was calculated as the product of fasting insulin and free fatty acid. Multivariate analysis evaluated independent factors for changes in resting heart rate from baseline to week 24. RESULTS Of the participants, 58% were men, and mean age, HbA1c , BMI and resting heart rate were 57.6 years, 65 mmol/mol (8.1%), 25.5 kg/m2 and 66 bpm, respectively. At week 24, adjusted mean difference vs. placebo in the change from baseline was -2.3 bpm [95% confidence interval (CI) -4.6, -0.1] with tofogliflozin. Changes in resting heart rate were positively correlated with changes in Adipo-IR, whereas reductions in HbA1c , body weight and blood pressure were similar independent of changes in resting heart among quartiles of resting heart rate change. On multivariate analysis, higher baseline resting heart rates and Adipo-IR values were significantly associated with greater reductions in resting heart rate. CONCLUSIONS Tofogliflozin corrected resting heart rate levels in accordance with baseline levels. Correction of high resting heart rates may be attributed to improved adipose tissue insulin resistance, leading to correction of hyperinsulinaemia. © 2020 The Authors. Diabetic Medicine published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Diabetes UK.Gap junctions (GJs) are widely distributed in brains across the animal kingdom. To visualize the GJ- coupled networks of two major mechanosensory neurons in the ganglia of medicinal leeches, we injected these cells with the GJ-permeable tracer Neurobiotin. When diffusion time was limited to only 30&nbsp;min, tracer coupling was highly variable for both cells, suggesting a possible modulation of GJ permeability. In invertebrates the innexins (homologs of vertebrate pannexins) form the GJs. Because extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) modulates pannexin and leech innexin hemichannel permeability and is released by leech glial cells following injury, we tested the effects of bath application of ATP after the injection of Neurobiotin and observed a significant increase in the number of neurons tracer coupled to the sensory neurons. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/enarodustat.html Selleckchem Enarodustat] This effect required the elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and could be produced by bath application of caffeine. Conversely, scavenging endogenous extracellular ATP with the ATPase apyrase decreased the number of coupled cells.