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The clinical outcome of dengue is due to a complex interplay between dengue virus (DENV) and host immune factors, including complement and cytokine systems. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are mainly produced by monocytes in response to infectious pathogens. [https://www.selleckchem.com/Proteasome.html Proteasome inhibitor review] This study investigated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and IL-12 in Vietnamese patients with dengue, and their correlations with the clinical outcome of dengue infection in 156 patients clinically classified as dengue without warning signs (DWS-, n = 87), dengue with warning signs (DWS+, n = 62), and severe dengue (SD, n = 7) patients as well as in 60 healthy controls (HCs). Serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-12 levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-12 levels were significantly increased in dengue patients compared with HCs (p less then 0.0001). TNF-α levels were significantly correlated with white blood cells and platelet counts (rs = 0.52, 0.2; p less then 0.0001, p = 0.018, respectively). IL-1β levels were correlated with red blood cells counts and the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (rs = 0.23, 0.21, 0.23; p = 0.004, 0.012, 0.005, respectively). The results suggest that these three pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with the clinical outcome of dengue and could play roles in the pathogenesis of the disease.Friends and colleagues describe the legacy of and pay tribute to Lori Stiegel, elder justice champion, who died earlier this year.Aims The aim of this study was to examine the predictive roles of being bullied and perceived social support in association with adolescents' mental health. Methods At two time points, September 2016 and April-June 2017, questionnaires were distributed to students between 15 and 21 years of age in four upper-secondary schools in Norway, with a total sample size of 351. Random- and fixed-effects regression models were used to estimate the effects of being bullied and social support on adolescents' mental health. Results In the random-effects models, being bullied was associated with lower scores on mental well-being and higher scores on anxiety and depression symptoms. Social support from family and friends was associated with higher scores on mental well-being, as well as fewer anxiety and depression symptoms. However, the results from the fixed-effects model, with more realistic assumptions, indicated that being bullied was only associated with more anxiety and depression symptoms, while support from friends was associated with higher scores on mental well-being and fewer anxiety and depression symptoms. Conclusions Based on the fixed-effects models, being bullied was associated with more anxiety and depression symptoms. However, being bullied was not significantly associated with mental well-being. Social support from family was not significantly associated with either aspects of mental health. Moreover, social support from friends was associated with higher scores on mental well-being and fewer anxiety and depression symptoms. The two sources of social support did not buffer the negative effects of being bullied on either aspect of mental health.Researchers interested in hemispheric dominance frequently aim to infer latent functional differences between the hemispheres from observed lateral behavioural or brain-activation differences. To be valid, these inferences may not only rely on the observed laterality measures but also need to account for the antecedent probabilities of the studied latent classes. This fact is frequently ignored in the literature, leading to misclassifications especially when considering low probability classes as, for example, "atypical" right hemispheric language dominance. In the present paper, we revisit this inference problem (a) by outlining a general Bayesian framework for the inferential process and (b) by exemplarily applying this framework on the inference of hemispheric dominance for speech processing from dichotic-listening laterality scores. Utilizing large-scale empirical data sets as well as simulation studies, we show that valid inferences also regarding low probable latent classes can be drawn applying the present framework, although within certain boundaries. We further illustrate that repeated laterality measures of the same person may be used to improve the classification outcome. The article additionally provides R package and Shiny app implementations of the suggested Bayesian framework, which allow to explore the boundaries of valid inference for the present and other examples.The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and determinants of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after cardiac arrest (CA). We conducted an observational, retrospective cohort study with consecutive adult out-of-hospital and in-hospital (occurred only in the emergency department, ED) CA survivors from our ED. Development of ARDS was identified by results of arterial blood gases, chest images, and transthoracic echocardiography according to the Berlin definition. The primary outcome was the poor neurologic outcome, defined as cerebral performance category ≥3 at 28 days, and secondary outcomes were 28-day mortality, recovery rate from ARDS, duration of mechanical ventilator use, and length of stay. Among 295 enrolled patients, 30 patients who received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and 19 patents who had cardiogenic pulmonary edema were excluded. ARDS had developed in 119 (48.4%) patients on admission (mild 20 [16.8%], moderate 48 [40.3%], and severe 51 [42.9%]) and 54 (45.4%) patients recovered before hospital discharge. Development of ARDS was associated with poor neurologic outcomes at 28 days (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.44 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.98]). Moreover, more severe ARDS was associated with a higher risk of poor neurological outcomes (mild reference; moderate adjusted HR 1.66 [95% CI 1.10-2.49]; and severe adjusted HR 1.76 [95% CI 1.16-2.65]). Therefore, development of ARDS after CA was associated with unfavorable neurologic outcomes and had a linear association with ARDS severity. Early recognition and proper management of ARDS may be useful during post-CA care.