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ygenation goals do not lead to different mortalities in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. The potential superiority of maintaining P aO2 in the range 70-150 mmHg remains to be validated.<br /><br /> Evidence suggests that vascular inflammation and thrombosis may be important drivers of poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. We hypothesised that a significant decrease in the percentage of blood volume in vessels with a cross-sectional area between 1.25 and 5 mm<br /><br /> relative to the total pulmonary blood volume (BV5%) on chest computed tomography (CT) in COVID-19 patients is predictive of adverse clinical outcomes.<br /><br /> We performed a retrospective analysis of chest CT scans from 10 hospitals across two US states in 313 COVID-19-positive and 195 COVID-19-negative patients seeking acute medical care.<br /><br /> BV5% was predictive of outcomes in COVID-19 patients in a multivariate model, with a BV5% threshold below 25% associated with OR 5.58 for mortality, OR 3.20 for intubation and OR 2.54 for the composite of mortality or intubation. A model using age and BV5% had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.85 to predict the composite of mortality or intubation in COVID-19 patients. BV5% was not predictive of clinical outcomes in patients without COVID-19.<br /><br /> The data suggest BV5% as a novel biomarker for predicting adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19 seeking acute medical care.<br /><br />The data suggest BV5% as a novel biomarker for predicting adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19 seeking acute medical care.<br /><br /> pneumonia (PJP) is a serious infective complication of immunosuppressive therapy. There are insufficient data concerning the incidence or mortality rate in children undergoing treatment for malignancies and how these may be influenced by prophylaxis.<br /><br /> Prospective collection of clinical information for all suspected and proven cases of PJP in children with cancer in the UK and Ireland.<br /><br /> A surveillance survey was undertaken using a key contact at each paediatric oncology Principle Treatment Centre (PTC).<br /><br /> To describe the mortality, outcomes and use of prophylaxis in this at-risk group.<br /><br /> The study confirms that PJP is rare, with only 32 cases detected in the UK over a 2-year period reported from all 20 PTCs. No deaths were directly attributed to PJP, in contrast to previously reported high mortality rates. Breakthrough infection may occur despite prescription of ostensibly adequate prophylaxis with co-trimoxazole; 11 such cases were identified. Six infections occurred in patients for whom prophylaxis was suppressive effects of co-trimoxazole and its interactions with methotrexate.<br /><br /> Acute pyelonephritis in children may result in permanent kidney scarring that is primarily caused by inflammation during acute infection. Antibiotic therapy alone is not enough to significantly reduce kidney scarring, and adjuvant corticosteroid therapy has shown a significant reduction in inflammatory cytokines in urine prompting its evaluation in randomised controlled trials. A few clinical trials showed a trend towards a reduction in renal scarring but did not have an adequate sample size to show a significant effect. Therefore, we planned to synthesise the available evidence on the role of corticosteroids as adjuvant therapy in reducing kidney scarring.<br /><br /> To assess the efficacy and safety of adjuvant corticosteroid therapy for the prevention of kidney scarring in children with acute pyelonephritis.<br /><br /> Systematic review and meta-analysis.<br /><br /> Community-acquired febrile urinary tract infections.<br /><br /> Children (less than 18 years) with acute pyelonephritis.<br /><br /> Adjuvant corticosteroid therapy (along with antibiotic treatment).<br /><br /> Primary efficacy in preventing kidney scarring; secondary serious adverse events associated with corticosteroid therapy.<br /><br /> Three randomised trials (529 children) were included. Corticosteroids are effective in lowering the risk of kidney scarring as compared with placebo (risk ratio (RR) 0.57; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.90). No significant increase risk of bacteraemia (RR 1.38; 95% CI 0.23 to 8.23) and hospitalisation (RR 0.87; 95% CI 0.3 to 2.55) was observed in corticosteroid group.<br /><br /> Moderate quality evidence suggests that short duration 'adjuvant corticosteroid therapy' along with routine antibiotic therapy in acute febrile urinary tract infection significantly reduces the risk of kidney scarring without any significant adverse effects.<br /><br />Moderate quality evidence suggests that short duration 'adjuvant corticosteroid therapy' along with routine antibiotic therapy in acute febrile urinary tract infection significantly reduces the risk of kidney scarring without any significant adverse effects.<br /><br /> Absent pulmonary valve syndrome (APV) is a rare condition usually associated with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Some infants develop respiratory failure from bronchial compression and the long-term neurodevelopmental outcome is unknown. We aimed to investigate the outcomes of APV and the need for long-term ventilation (LTV).<br /><br /> Retrospective single-centre review of patients diagnosed with APV between 2007 and 2017.<br /><br /> Survival, neurological disability and postoperative LTV (≥3 months of non-invasive or invasive respiratory support).<br /><br /> Thirty patients were identified, 22 (73%) of whom were prenatally diagnosed. Pregnancy was discontinued in one patient, while in utero death occurred in three. One was lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 25 liveborn, 21 had the classic TOF/APV. One baby died immediately after birth, while two patients had palliative care due to severe airway compression and inability to wean ventilation support. Surgical repair was performed in 21 of the 25 (84%) liveborn, with one awaiting surgery. Of those undergoing surgery, two patients died one during surgery and the other due to severe airway malacia 5 months postsurgery. In the surgical group survival from birth at 1 and 5 years was 89% (95% CI 75% to 100%). Six (30%) patients required LTV postoperatively; all had surgery within the first 6 months of life. Learning and/or other physical difficulties were evident in 63%.<br /><br /> Majority of patients with APV are diagnosed antenatally. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tepp-46.html CID-44246499] A third of those operated required LTV and over half had learning and/or other physical difficulties. Prospective studies are needed to identify prenatal factors that predict postnatal outcomes so parents can be counselled appropriately.<br /><br />Majority of patients with APV are diagnosed antenatally. A third of those operated required LTV and over half had learning and/or other physical difficulties. Prospective studies are needed to identify prenatal factors that predict postnatal outcomes so parents can be counselled appropriately.