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Psychiatric problems and psychological distress decreased over time for the entire sample, regardless of the PG intervention. About 24% and 13% of the sample demonstrated clinically significant improvements in psychological distress from baseline to 5months, and 5months to 12months, respectively. Nearly 21% of the sample showed clinically significant improvements in psychiatric problems from 5months to 12months. Among all patients, men and those with more severe opioid dependence symptoms demonstrated the greatest psychological improvements.<br /><br /> Many patients in MMT with PG experience improvements in psychological problems, including long-term improvement, regardless of the PG intervention offered.<br /><br />Many patients in MMT with PG experience improvements in psychological problems, including long-term improvement, regardless of the PG intervention offered.<br /><br /> Nicotine in e-cigarettes typically is labeled as mg/ml or percent nicotine, but these metrics may be difficult to understand. We examined whether adults who use e-cigarettes accurately can compare nicotine concentrations presented as mg/ml and percent and/or can identify the strength of concentrations presented using these metrics.<br /><br /> 310 adults completed an online survey in 2020. Participants viewed nicotine concentration pairs (e.g., 24mg/ml vs 3%) and indicated which concentration was stronger or if they were equal. Participants also categorized nicotine concentrations presented as mg/ml (0-60mg/ml) and percent (0-6%) into strength categories (no nicotine, very low, low, medium, high, very high). "Correct" answers for the strength of each concentration (e.g., 30mg/ml is "high" nicotine) were based on the subjective opinion of e-cigarette researchers.<br /><br /> When making direct comparisons, adults correctly identified that one concentration was stronger or that both were equivalent about half of the time (8.30 [5.08] of 19). Adults answered correctly more often when the stronger concentration was presented in mg/ml (4.75 [2.74] of 8) than percent (2.54 [2.60] of 8), p&lt;.001). Adults "correctly" identified the strengths of 8.90 (3.22) of 18 nicotine concentrations, with more "correct" responses for mg/ml (5.27 [2.15]) than percent (3.63 [1.71], p&lt;.001). Adults classified concentrations presented as percent as weaker than equivalent concentrations presented as mg/ml.<br /><br /> Adults had difficulty understanding nicotine concentrations labeled using the most common metrics, especially percent nicotine. A singular, easy-to-understand labeling system may increase public knowledge about the nicotine concentration/strength of vaping products.<br /><br />Adults had difficulty understanding nicotine concentrations labeled using the most common metrics, especially percent nicotine. A singular, easy-to-understand labeling system may increase public knowledge about the nicotine concentration/strength of vaping products.<br /><br /> Maternal smoking is a well-known risk factor for youth smoking, yet whether this relationship is causal remains unresolved. This study utilizes propensity score methods for causal inference to robustly account for shared risk factors between maternal and offspring smoking.<br /><br /> An 8-year longitudinal cohort of 900 adolescents in the Chicago area were followed starting from approximately age 15.6. The effects of maternal lifetime smoking (MLS) and prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) (among participants reporting MLS) on offspring's past 30-day smoking, daily smoking status and smoking frequency were examined using logistic regression and Poisson regression after nearest-neighbor propensity matching. Age dependency of this relationship was then examined across the age range of 15-25 using time-varying effect modeling.<br /><br /> Propensity matching yielded 438 and 132 pairs for MLS and PTE study samples, respectively. MLS demonstrated significant associations with past 30-day smoking (RR 1.09; 95% CI 1.04-1.14), daily smoking (RR 1.08; 95% CI 1.05-1.12), and smoking frequency of offspring (RR 1.32; 95% CI 1.15-1.52), with stable effects across age. Among participants reporting MLS, having PTE showed significant additional effects on daily smoking (RR 1.09; 95% CI 1.02-1.17) and age-dependency that showed significance during young adulthood but not adolescence.<br /><br /> The relationship between maternal and offspring smoking was not fully accounted for by shared risk factors, suggesting possible causation with PTE having a delayed effect across age. Targeted prevention efforts should be made on maternal smoking-exposed adolescents to mitigate their risks of developing heavy smoking habits in adulthood.<br /><br />The relationship between maternal and offspring smoking was not fully accounted for by shared risk factors, suggesting possible causation with PTE having a delayed effect across age. Targeted prevention efforts should be made on maternal smoking-exposed adolescents to mitigate their risks of developing heavy smoking habits in adulthood.A behaviourally-anchored observational rating scale (BAORS) of teamwork based upon the 'Big Five' teamwork model (Salas et al., 2005) was selected and adapted for use in a combat training setting - a UK military field gun competition. The teamwork development of 16 newly-formed teams training to master a historic tactical drill was evaluated over the course of a week-long residential programme. Training culminated in a timed field gun competition. Teams were trained and mentored in respects to teamwork and taskwork by experienced military instructors. Teamwork was assessed at the outset and end of training. Significant improvements were evident on all teamwork process dimensions, with the greatest improvement seen in teams' shared understanding of teamwork roles and strategies (shared mental models). The lack of an association between teamwork development and final drill performance is explored, as is the utility of the measurement protocol developed for teamwork assessment in other settings.<br /><br /> Patients with cancer, transplant, and other immunocompromising conditions are at uncertain risk of severe COVID-19 illness. This studyaimedto clarify whether patients with immunocompromising conditions were more likely to develop severe COVID-19 illness in a single urban academic medical center.<br /><br /> A retrospective chart review and electronic data extraction of the first 401 patients at the University of Chicago Hospitals with SARS-CoV-2 infection was performed. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd9291.html AZD9291] Patients met criteria for severe COVID-19 illness if they required ICU level care, high flow oxygen, positive pressure support, helmet non-invasive ventilation, mechanical ventilation, or ECMO, developed ARDS, or died.<br /><br /> The mean age was 60 years, 52% were women, 90% were African American, and mortality at 30 days post discharge was 13%. Severe COVID-19 illness was found in 168 (40%) patients. Of the 56 patients with past or current cancer, 25 (45%) had severe illness (p=0.76). Of the 55 patients with other immunocompromised conditions, 24 (44%) had severe illness (p=0.