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© 2020, Ito et al.The developmental potential of early embryos is mainly dictated by the quality of the oocyte. Here, we explore the utility of the maternal spindle transfer (MST) technique as a reproductive approach to enhance oocyte developmental competence. Our proof-of-concept experiments show that replacement of the entire cytoplasm of oocytes from a sensitive mouse strain overcomes massive embryo developmental arrest characteristic of non-manipulated oocytes. Genetic analysis confirmed minimal carryover of mtDNA following MST. Resulting mice showed low heteroplasmy levels in multiple organs at adult age, normal histology and fertility. Mice were followed for 5 generations (F5), revealing that heteroplasmy was reduced in F2 mice and was undetectable in the subsequent generations. This pre-clinical model demonstrates the high efficiency and potential of the MST technique, not only to prevent the transmission of mtDNA mutations, but also as a new potential treatment for patients with certain forms of infertility refractory to current clinical strategies. © 2020, Costa-Borges et al.Because chromatin determines whether information encoded in DNA is accessible to transcription factors, dynamic chromatin states in development may constrain how gene regulatory networks impart embryonic pattern. To determine the interplay between chromatin states and regulatory network function, we performed ATAC-seq on Drosophila embryos during the establishment of the segmentation network, comparing wild-type and mutant embryos in which all graded maternal patterning inputs are eliminated. While during the period between zygotic genome activation and gastrulation many regions maintain stable accessibility, cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) within the network undergo extensive patterning-dependent changes in accessibility. A component of the network, Odd-paired (opa), is necessary for pioneering accessibility of late segmentation network CRMs. opa-driven changes in accessibility are accompanied by equivalent changes in gene expression. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sc-43.html SC-43 purchase] Interfering with the timing of opa activity impacts the proper patterning of expression. These results indicate that dynamic systems for chromatin regulation directly impact the reading of embryonic patterning information. © 2020, Soluri et al.Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is a fungal disease that critically threatens agricultural production, and carbendazim was the first fungicide used to control B. cinerea. However, B. cinerea developed serious resistance to carbendazim, and this fungicide has thus rarely been used in the past decade in China. Due to the extended discontinuation of carbendazim use, the evolution of the resistance of B. cinerea to carbendazim in recent years is unclear, and whether carbendazim can effectively control gray mold is largely unknown. Therefore, this study determined the sensitivity of 407 B. cinerea isolates collected from 2014 to 2018 to carbendazim and the ability of carbendazim to control gray mold in the field. The results showed that the frequency of B. cinerea isolates resistant to carbendazim remained above 95%. Three different mutation types responsible for the resistance of B. cinerea to carbendazim were identified at codon 198 in the β-tubulin gene sequence E198V (changed from GAG to GTG), E198A (chantive isolates could be easily controlled by four conventional fungicides, namely boscalid, procymidone, iprodione, and pyrimethanil, with mean EC50 values of 0.71 ± 0.2 mg liter-1, 1.33 ± 0.39 mg liter-1, 0.59 ± 0.33 mg liter-1, and 6.02 ± 3.02 mg liter-1, respectively. In conclusion, carbendazim has lost its application value and is ineffective for the control of gray mold.Ohio is a leading producer of soft red winter wheat in the United States. Many viruses impact wheat production, but there is a lack of contemporary information on the distribution and potential impact of wheat viruses in Ohio. To address this knowledge gap, we created a comprehensive dataset of viruses identified by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and their incidence in field sites sampled across the state. Samples were collected from 103 field sites in surveys conducted in 2012, 2016, and 2017 and subjected to RNA HTS, reverse transcription (RT) PCR, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to assess virus sequence diversity, prevalence, and incidence within fields. Partial and complete virus sequences were assembled and detection validated by RT-PCR. Assembled sequences were compared with previously known virus sequences, and novel sequences were validated by Sanger sequencing. The viruses detected most often included barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV), wheat streak mosaic viruside a snapshot of viruses present in Ohio wheat and insights into their biology, potential risks to wheat production, and possible management strategies.Background Older people (≥60&nbsp;years old) are particularly vulnerable to influenza virus infection, and vaccine is effective in reducing the disease burden in this population. However, it remains obscure whether their antibody response is lower than those of younger adults (18-60&nbsp;years old). Thus, this meta-analysis was performed to compare the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines and understand their association with real-world vaccine effectiveness (VE) between these two age groups.Methods A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies from Jan 01, 2008 to Nov 10, 2018. These are randomized controlled trials that included older adult samples, which assessed the immunogenicity of inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccines produced in embryonated eggs. We excluded the studies focused only in children or adults. The outcomes were seroprotecton rate (SPR) and seroconversion rate (SCR).Results Six studies were eventually included in the present meta-analysis (7,976 participants). For the SPR, the pooled risk ratio (RR) was 0.92 (95% CI 0.90-0.94, I2&nbsp;=&nbsp;66%, P&nbsp; less then &nbsp;.0001) for A/H1N1 and 0.94 (95% CI 0.90-0.98, I2&nbsp;=&nbsp;91%, P&nbsp;=&nbsp;.002) for B/Victoria, and the antibody responses of A/H3N2 and B/Yamagata were similar in the two age groups. For the SCR, the pooled RR was 0.85 (95% CI 0.76-0.94, I2&nbsp;=&nbsp;93%, P&nbsp;=&nbsp;.003), 0.77 (95% CI 0.66-0.91, I2&nbsp;=&nbsp;94%, P&nbsp;=&nbsp;.002), and 0.83 (95% CI 0.71-0.96, I2&nbsp;=&nbsp;94%, P&nbsp;=&nbsp;.02) for A/H1N1, B/Victoria and B/Yamagata, respectively, and the antibody responses of A/H3N2 were similar in the two groups. Some variations were found in the antibody responses across virus types and subtypes after influenza vaccination.Conclusion The SPR and SCR of older adults were lower than those in younger adults for A/H1N1 and B/Victoria, while the two age groups had similar antibody responses for A/H3N2. The antibody responses to vaccines were not significantly associated with real-world VE, indicating that antibody response might not fully reflect the vaccine effectiveness of A/H3N2.