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s, special considerations may be necessary to adapt such interventions to meet the needs of students from different backgrounds.<br /><br /> Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play critical roles in liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Tribbles homolog 2 (TRIB2) is an oncogene implicated in a variety of cancers, including liver cancer. However, the biological function and regulatory mechanism of TRIB2 in HSCs are poorly understood. In addition, little is known about its role in liver fibrosis progression to HCC. Here, we revealed the clinical significance of TRIB2 in liver fibrosis and HCC development.<br /><br /> We investigated TRIB2 promoting liver fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. In mouse model of liver fibrosis and HCC, we measured hepatic fibrosis and HCC level through knockdown TRIB2 with shRNA. In addition, we performed western blotting, real-time quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation assay to study TRIB2 function in LX-2 cells.<br /><br /> TRIB2 expression was strongly upregulated in human fibrotic liver tissues and HCC tissues. TRIB2 colocalized with α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in fibrotic and HCC liver tissues. Knockdown of TRIB2 inhibited HSC activation and liver fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. TRIB2 promoted Yes-associated protein (YAP) stabilization, nuclear localization, and subsequent fibrotic gene expression independent of the MST-LATS phosphorylation cascade in HSCs. TRIB2 interacted with YAP to recruit phosphatase 1A (PP1A), promoting PP1A-mediated YAP dephosphorylation. TRIB2 knockdown potently attenuated the development of fibrosis-associated liver cancer.<br /><br /> TRIB2 is an attractive target for hepatic fibrosis and fibrosis-associated liver cancer treatment.<br /><br />TRIB2 is an attractive target for hepatic fibrosis and fibrosis-associated liver cancer treatment.RNA interference (RNAi) technology has been used for almost two decades to study gene functions and in therapeutic approaches. It uses cellular machinery and small, designed RNAs in the form of synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or vector-based short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), and artificial miRNAs (amiRNAs) to inhibit a gene of interest. Artificial miRNAs, known also as miRNA mimics, shRNA-miRs, or pri-miRNA-like shRNAs have the most complex structures and undergo two-step processing in cells to form mature siRNAs, which are RNAi effectors. AmiRNAs are composed of a target-specific siRNA insert and scaffold based on a natural primary miRNA (pri-miRNA). siRNAs serve as a guide to search for complementary sequences in transcripts, whereas pri-miRNA scaffolds ensure proper processing and transport. The dynamics of siRNA maturation and siRNA levels in the cell resemble those of endogenous miRNAs; therefore amiRNAs are safer than other RNAi triggers. Delivered as viral vectors and expressed under tissue-specific polymerase II (Pol II) promoters, amiRNAs provide long-lasting silencing and expression in selected tissues. Therefore, amiRNAs are useful therapeutic tools for a broad spectrum of human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancers and viral infections. Recent reports on the role of sequence and structure in pri-miRNA processing may contribute to the improvement of the amiRNA tools. In addition, the success of a recently initiated clinical trial for Huntington's disease could pave the way for other amiRNA-based therapies, if proven effective and safe. This article is categorized under RNA Processing &gt; Processing of Small RNAs Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches &gt; RNAi Mechanisms of Action RNA in Disease and Development &gt; RNA in Disease.CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonists that disrupt CCR2/MCP-1 interaction are expected to treat a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The lack of CCR2 crystal structure limits the application of structure-based drug design (SBDD) to this target. Although a few three-dimensional theoretical models have been reported, their accuracy remains to be improved in terms of templates and modeling approaches. In this study, we developed a unique ligand-steered strategy for CCR2 homology modeling. It starts with an initial model based on the X-ray structure of the closest homolog so far, that is, CXCR4. Then, it uses Elastic Network Normal Mode Analysis (EN-NMA) and flexible docking (FD) by AutoDock Vina software to generate ligand-induced fit models. It selects optimal model(s) as well as scoring function(s) via extensive evaluation of model performance based on a unique benchmarking set constructed by our in-house tool, that is, MUBD-DecoyMaker. The model of 81_04 presents the optimal enrichment when combined with the scoring function of PMF04, and the proposed binding mode between CCR2 and Teijin lead by this model complies with the reported mutagenesis data. To highlight the advantage of our strategy, we compared it with the only reported ligand-steered strategy for CCR2 homology modeling, that is, Discovery Studio/Ligand Minimization. Lastly, we performed prospective virtual screening based on 81_04 and CCR2 antagonist bioassay. The identification of two hit compounds, that is, E859-1281 and MolPort-007-767-945, validated the efficacy of our model and the ligand-steered strategy.Diatom frustules have species-specific patterns of pores, striae, pores, and nanopores, periodically arranged on its silica surface, as sets of cavities that modify the vacuum electromagnetic density of states. Therefore, frustules may be considered photonic crystals; the interaction with light-emitting sources inside the pores may potentially result in enhancement or inhibition of their spontaneous radiative emission rate and frequencies. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jdq443.html see more] In this work, we studied the photoluminescence of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS-NP) deposited inside frustule cavities that conveyed evidence of cavity-NP interaction. We synthesized CdS-NP, a semiconductor compound achieving quantum dots small enough to impose confinement effects to the electronic states. CdS-NP and their clusters were physiosorbed onto the surface, striae, and predominantly inside the pores of the cleansed frustules of Amphora sp. A broad peak with a maximum intensity at 437 nm (2.84 eV) was recorded after excitation with a 375 nm light source, showing a large blue shift and signal amplification of the CdS-NP photoluminescence when these were embedded inside the pores of the silica frustule.