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Protecting children during childhood to prevent them from becoming victims may be an essential primordial preventive strategy for WTS.<br /><br /> Psychoactive substance use is a significant problem and the perception of physicians and medical students for this problem is important since it may affect their behavior regarding managing patients who suffer from substance-related problems. The objective of this study was to examine the perception of Sudanese medical students regarding psychoactive substance use and its possible associations with sociodemographic factors.<br /><br /> This cross-sectional study was carried out at a private Sudanese medical school in Khartoum, Sudan. A self-reporting questionnaire was distributed to all consenting students and data were analyzed using SPSS software. Chi-square test was used to analyze the associations between different factors.<br /><br /> Three hundred and seventeen students participated in the study, with response rate = 75.5%. Among them, 113 (35.9%) were men. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of age was 21.5 ± 4.2 years. All students knew alcohol and 261 students (88.5%) reported having knowledge about cannabis. Knowledge about cannabis, cocaine, and heroin was more prevalent among female students. Most of the students disagreed with the behavior of substance use, e.g., 94.2% in the case of alcohol. Most students reported that it would be difficult - or even impossible - for them to use psychoactive substances.<br /><br /> Most of the students perceived use of psychoactive substances to be associated with moderate to severe risk. [https://www.selleckchem.com/Wnt.html β-catenin signaling] Female gender and studying secondary school in Sudan were associated with perceiving more risk. Sudanese students' perception of psychoactive substance use seems to be favorable but still increasing awareness is recommended.<br /><br />Most of the students perceived use of psychoactive substances to be associated with moderate to severe risk. Female gender and studying secondary school in Sudan were associated with perceiving more risk. Sudanese students' perception of psychoactive substance use seems to be favorable but still increasing awareness is recommended.<br /><br /> This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of filter on the eventual carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks caused by the main toxic constituents of popular cigarette brands in Iran.<br /><br /> At this laboratory study, the concentration of benzene, formaldehyde, arsenic, and cadmium in the mainstream smoke of 11 popular cigarette brands in Iran, on the without and with-filter modes was determined based on an established method. The hazard quotient (HQ), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and mixture quantitative risk assessments (QRAs) were performed based on the QRA method recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).<br /><br /> The mean of HQ due to benzene, formaldehyde, arsenic, and cadmium in without-filter cigarette smoke was from 3.96 to 3505. The findings indicated that the HQs related to benzene, formaldehyde, arsenic, and cadmium in cigarette smoke were decreased with filter by 48.3%, 25.3%, 37.6%, and 49.1%, respectively. The filter of cigarette decreased ILCR of benzene, formanvestigate the impact of the type of fiber used in cigarette filter on reducing carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks caused by cigarette smoke.<br /><br /> Smoking tobacco is a significant health problem for humankind. Cigarettes could affect people's life from socioeconomic and psychosomatic aspects. The oral cavity is the first orifice through which cigarette smoke enters the body. Thus, it is directly exposed to cigarettes and their harmful ingredients. This study aimed to determine the effects of smoking cessation on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL).<br /><br /> The subjects in the present observational study consisted of individuals visiting a specialized smoking cessation clinic in Tehran, Iran, to give up their smoking habit. After documentation of the subjects' demographic data, the questionnaire [Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14)] was completed twice in three months (before giving up smoking and three months after initiating the program to quit smoking). Data analysis was performed using Sig. (2-tailed), paired t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a confidence interval (CI) of 95%.<br /><br /> Thirty-one subjects (29 men, 2 women) participated in this study. The mean age of the subjects was 37.03 ± 11.30 years. Although OHRQoL scores were increasing as to some parameters, including food tastes, anxiety, and a feeling of shame in the subjects after giving up smoking, it was not statistically significant (P &gt; 0.050). On the other hand, the relationship between the quality of life (QoL) (before and after stopping smoking) and age was significant (P = 0.001 before quitting and P = 0.050 after quitting).<br /><br /> For a better understanding of the relationship between quitting smoking and an improvement in OHRQoL, it is necessary to perform more extensive studies in this field. The present study was a pilot study, which shed some light on the relationships between these parameters.<br /><br />For a better understanding of the relationship between quitting smoking and an improvement in OHRQoL, it is necessary to perform more extensive studies in this field. The present study was a pilot study, which shed some light on the relationships between these parameters.<br /><br /> Lead poisoning is now more common due to accidental or intentional exposure to opium impregnated with lead. We aimed to determine the relationship between the blood lead levels (BLLs) and basic characteristics in opium-poisoned children.<br /><br /> In this cross-sectional study, 32 children younger than 13 years old who had been admitted to Loghman Hakim Poison Center, Tehran, Iran, due to opium poisoning, were evaluated for BLLs. Patients' demographics, symptoms, signs, and lab tests were evaluated as well as the BLLs.<br /><br /> The median and range of age in children with opium poisoning were 14 and 141 months with minimum and maximum age of 3 and 144 months, respectively, and 62.5% were boys. Their mean BLL was 9.78 ± 3.44 μg/dl and in 70% of opium-poisoned children, BLL was ≥ 5 μg/dl. There was a significant difference between mean BLLs in girls and boys (17.07 ± 6.57 μg/dl in girls and 6.61 ± 3.22 μg/dl in boys, P = 0.02). We found a significant correlation between BLL and hemoglobin (Hb) level. In very low Hb level (&lt; 8 g/dl), the BLL was higher but with increasing Hb level, BLL increased as well; in Hb levels &gt; 14 g/dl, BLL decreased again (P = 0.