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Catheter ablation is an effective treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF), but it carries risk of perioperative thromboembolism even in cases with low CHADS2 scores. Here, we examined whether a combination of clinical variables can predict stroke risk factors that are assessed by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).<br /><br /> The study population consisted of 209 consecutive AF patients with a CHADS2 score of 0 or 1 (58.7±10.6years old; persistent AF, 33.0%). [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/OSI-906.html Selleck Linsitinib] All patients underwent TEE, and TEE-determined stroke risk (TEE risk) was defined as cardiac thrombus/sludge, dense spontaneous echo contrast (SEC), and/or peak left atrial appendage (LAA) flow velocity &lt;0.25m/s.<br /><br /> Transesophageal echocardiography risk was observed in 10.5% of the patients. In multivariate logistic analysis, persistent AF [odds ratio (OR) 11.5, CI 3.14-42.1, <br /><br /> =.0002], left atrial diameter (LAD) (OR 1.10, CI 1.01-1.20, <br /><br /> =.0293), contrast medium defect (CMD) in the LAA detected by computed tomography (OR 20.2, CI 6.3-65.0, <br /><br /> &lt;.0001), and serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level (OR 1.00, CI 1.00-1.01, <br /><br /> =.0056) were independent predictors of TEE risk. A new scoring system comprising LAD&gt;41mm (1 point), BNP&gt;47pg/mL (1 point), CMD (2 points), and persistent AF (2 points) was constructed and defined as TEE-risk score. The area under the curve (AUC) for prediction of TEE risk was 0.631 in modified CHADS2 score and it was 0.852 in TEE-risk score.<br /><br /> Transesophageal echocardiography risk is predictable by TEE-risk score, and its combination with CHADS2 score may improve the stroke risk stratification in AF patients with a low CHADS2 score.<br /><br />Transesophageal echocardiography risk is predictable by TEE-risk score, and its combination with CHADS2 score may improve the stroke risk stratification in AF patients with a low CHADS2 score.<br /><br /> The feasibility and safety of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using cryoballoon (CB) for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) with minimally interrupted apixaban has not fully explored.<br /><br /> In this multicenter, randomized prospective study, we enrolled patients with PAF undergoing CB or radiofrequency (RF) ablation with interrupted (holding 1 dose) apixaban. The primary composite end point consisted of bleeding events, including pericardial effusion and major bleeding requiring blood transfusion, or thromboembolic events at 4weeks after ablation; secondary end points included early recurrence of AF and procedural duration.<br /><br /> A total of 250 patients underwent PVI (125 assigned to the RF ablation and 125 assigned to the CB ablation). The primary end point occurred in 1 patient in the CB ablation group (0.8%; 90% confidence interval [CI], 0.04 to 3.70) and 3 patients in the RF group (2.4%, <br /><br /> =.622; risk ratio, 0333; 90% CI, 0.05 to 2.20). All events were pericardial effusion, all of whom recovered after pericardiocentesis. Early recurrence of AF occurred in 4 patients (3.2%) in the RF group and in 6 patients (4.8%) in the CB group (<br /><br /> =.749). The procedural duration was shorter in the CB group than that in the RF group (136.5±39.9 vs 179.5±44.8min, <br /><br /> &lt;.001).<br /><br /> CB ablation with minimally interrupted apixaban was feasible and safe in patients with PAF undergoing PVI, which was equivalent to RF ablation.<br /><br />CB ablation with minimally interrupted apixaban was feasible and safe in patients with PAF undergoing PVI, which was equivalent to RF ablation.See Original Article DOI 10.1002/joa3.12314.Mechanoelectrical feedback is an important factor in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation (AF). Ectopic electrical activity originating from pulmonary vein (PV) myocardial sleeves has been found to trigger and maintain paroxysmal AF. Dilated PVs by high stretching force may activate mechanoelectrical feedback, which induces calcium overload and produces afterdepolarization. These results, in turn, increase PV arrhythmogenesis and contribute to initiation of AF. Paracrine factors, effectors of the renin-angiotensin system, membranous channels, or cytoskeleton of PV myocytes may modulate PV arrhythmogenesis directly through mechanoelectrical feedback or indirectly through endocardial/myocardial cross-talk. The purpose of this review is to present laboratory and translational relevance of mechanoelectrical feedback in PV arrhythmogenesis. Targeting mechanoelectrical feedback in PV arrhythmogenesis may shed light on potential opportunities and clinical concerns of AF treatment.<br /><br /> Aging is associated with reduced muscle mass and strength leading to impaired physical function. Resistance training programs incorporated into older adults' real-life settings may have the potential to counteract these changes. We evaluated the effectiveness of 8 months resistance training using easily available, low cost equipment compared to physical activity counselling on physical function, muscle strength, and body composition in community-dwelling older adults receiving home care.<br /><br /> This open label, two-armed, parallel group, cluster randomized trial recruited older adults above 70 years (median age 86.0 (Interquartile range 80-90) years) receiving home care. Participants were randomized at cluster level to the resistance training group (RTG) or the control group (CG). The RTG trained twice a week while the CG were informed about the national recommendations for physical activity and received a motivational talk every 6th week. Outcomes were assessed at participant level at baseline, after four, and 8 months and included tests of physical function (chair rise, 8 ft-up-and-go, preferred- and maximal gait speed, and stair climb), maximal strength, rate of force development, and body composition.<br /><br /> Twelve clusters were allocated to RTG (7 clusters, 60 participants) or CG (5 clusters, 44 participants). The number of participants analyzed was 56-64 (6-7 clusters) in RTG and 20-42 (5 clusters) in CG. After 8 months, multilevel linear mixed models showed that RTG improved in all tests of physical function and maximal leg strength (9-24%, <br /><br />  = 0.01-0.03) compared to CG. No effects were seen for rate of force development or body composition.<br /><br /> This study show that resistance training using easily available, low cost equipment is more effective than physical activity counselling for improving physical function and maximal strength in community-dwelling older adults receiving home care.<br /><br /> ISRCTN1067873.<br /><br />ISRCTN1067873.