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The development of E. Kretschmer's concept of temperaments throughout fifty years is analyzed. The small changes in terminology that occurred in the fourth edition of «Body type and character» took place due to the introducing E. Bleuler's termin «synton» for the intermediate affective states of healthy cyclothymic temperaments and E. Kretschmer's termin "leptosom" for the body type that before was delineated as "asthenic". However, the transition from the systematics with 3 types of physique and corresponding 2 types of mental constitutions to the systematics, including separate temperament of athletic physique («viscous»), took place much later. This was preceded by the delineation of epileptic mental constitution by E. [https://www.selleckchem.com/ selleckchem] Bleuler (1916) and the description of epileptoid constitution. The clinical descriptions of cycloid and schizoid temperaments as the descriptions of corresponding «healthy» constitutional types of cyclothyms and schizothyms in the monograph «Body type and character» has not changed till the last lifetime edition of the author.Objective To study an effect of mexidol on the life expectancy, weight, seizure response thresholds, and impaired cognitive and motor functions during aging in male Wistar rats. Material and methods In a long-term experiment, male Wistar rats, aged 3-26 months, were assessed for impaired cognitive functions (passive avoidance conditioned reflex test), convulsive threshold (test with pentylenetetrazole), motor deficits (tests of rotating rod and pulling on the crossbar), and life expectancy. The rats received mexidol in the form of 0,15% solution, which replaced drinking water, during two 2 month courses at the age of 18-20 and 22-24 month. A dose of mexidol consumed by the rat was 40-75 mg/kg/day. Results In old male Wistar rats, the long-term treatment with mexidol increases the life expectancy, improves learning, preservation and reproduction of the memory trace in the passive avoidance conditioned reflex test, increases the convulsive threshold and improves muscle tone and coordination of movements that are impaired during aging. Conclusion Mexidol increases the threshold of convulsive reaction, restores cognitive and neurological deficits that occur during aging in male Wistar rats and increases the by its ability to influence mitochondriogenesis and antioxidant properties.Objective To compare apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes with outcomes and levels of neuromarkers in children with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Material and methods APOE polymorphisms were genotyped in 69 children with severe TBI. The following markers of brain damage were identified neuron-specific enolase (NSE), glial protein S100b, content of autoantibodies (aAB) to glutamate receptors (to the NR2 subunit of NMDA receptors), aAB to S100b and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Results and conclusion There was no association between APOE 3/3, 3/4, 3/2 genotypes and outcomes assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). The greatest number of favorable outcomes was noted in the group of APOE 3/3 genotype carriers (60%). The ratio of favorable outcomes to unfavorable outcomes was equal (50%50%) in groups with APOE 3/4 and APOE 3/2 genotypes. An association between APOE polymorphism and BDNF was found there were normal BDNF levels in the APOE 3/3 group and reduced levels in the APOE 3/2 group. The correlation between neuromarkers and GOS scores was shown for BDNF and aAB to S100b. In children with favorable TBI outcomes, normal BDNF levels and a lower level of aAB to S100b were observed. Regardless of APOE genotypes, almost all children with severe TBI (95%) showed a significant increase in aAB to glutamate receptors in the remote period and most children had an increase in aAB to S100b in the blood. This fact can be explained by the presence of cerebral hypoxia, activation of autoimmune processes and increased BBB permeability, which may be enhanced by increased NO content and intensification of oxidative processes in children with severe TBI.Objective To evaluate the antiresorptive-cytokine effects of chondroitin sulfate on non-specific lower back pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Materials and methods Using the envelope method, 231 patients were randomized into two groups group 1 (n=116, main) received nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and chondrogard, group 2 (n=115, comparison) received only NSAIDs. The 2-month study included 3 visits (V) V1 - at the beginning of the study, V2 - after 10 days, V3 - after 60 days with the assessment of blood parameters transforming growth factor β1 (TFR β1), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, beta-Crosslaps, bone matrix formation indicator P1NP (n-terminal propeptide procollagen type 1), and determination of the level of deoxypyridinoline (DPID) in the urine. Results and conclusion At the end of the study, there is a significant decrease in all studied cytokines in patients of group 1 compared to group 2, as well as indicators of beta-Crosslaps (p less then 0,001) and DPID (p less then 0,001), which may indicate the presence of its own antiresorptive-cytokine effect in chondroitin sulfate.Objective To develop an integrated therapy for the combination of pain syndrome and cochleovestibular syndrome (CVS) in patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. Material and methods Forty-five patients (42 women and 3 men), aged from 23 to 54 years, with TMJ dysfunction, signs of CVS and complaints of pain in the ear area were stratified into three groups (15 patients each). Patients received pharmacological and osteopathic therapy (group 1); splint therapy followed by orthodontic treatment (group 2) and a combination of the abovementioned methods (group 3). Re-examination was carried out 3 months after completion of treatment. Results After treatment, complaints of pain, tinnitus, dizziness and nystagmus, the degree of TMJ dysfunction decreased significantly (p less then 0,05) compared to baseline in groups 1 and 2. In group 3, the most significant and persistent results were obtained, which significantly differed not only from the initial level, but also from the final level of indicators in the first and second groups (p less then 0,05), including a decrease in the degree of maladaptation associated with vertigo and trait anxiety. Conclusions Differential diagnosis of CVS in patients with TMJ dysfunction requires the joint participation of dentist, neurologist and ENT doctor and should be comprehensive, including medical, orthodontic and osteopathic components.Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of antiepileptic therapy of epileptic syndromes associated with myoclonic seizures. Material and methods One hundred and three patients with epilepsy, in whom myoclonic seizures were identified during the observation, were examined. The observed myoclonic seizures entered the structure of 11 different epileptic syndromes. Results and conclusion Drug remission is achieved in 67% of patients, a decrease in the frequency of seizures by 50% or more was noted in 23,3%, the lack of effect in 9,7%. The effectiveness of antiepileptic therapy was significantly different in different groups of epileptic syndromes. The high effectiveness of antiepileptic therapy in the general group of patients in this study is mainly due to the prevalence of patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, in which the highest percentage of remission was observed.Objective To study the efficacy and safety of the complex metabolic neuroprotective medicine cytoflavin in tablet form in patients with vertigo and dizziness in a distant period of mild traumatic brain injury. Material and methods Forty patients, aged 20-55 years, with a mild traumatic brain injury were studied for 3 months to 1 year. Cytoflavin was used as monotherapy in a dose of 2 tablets 2 times a day for 25 days. Otoneurological and stabilometric examinations were performed before and after treatment. The Dizziness Handicap Inventory, a visual-analogous scale and HADS were administered. Results and conclusion Cytoflavin decreases the severity of vertigo and dizziness, improves stabilometric indicators and reduces emotional disorders in patients with vertigo in the distant period of mild traumatic brain injury. No significant adverse reactions are observed.Objective To evaluate the efficacy of the non-drug therapy based on neurofeedback as a part of multimodality treatment of tension headache. Material and methods Neurofeedback trainings, which were supported by sensory room sessions, were performed. Two equal groups, with 40 patients in each group, with clinical manifestations of tension headache received pharmacotherapy and non-drug therapy (main group) or pharmacotherapy (comparison group). Results A decrease in the amplitude of enveloped electromyogram from 6,22±0,73 to 3,85±0,44 (p=0,01), in the scores on a visual analogous scale (p=0,04) and in the intensity of sensory and affective components of headache according to the McGill Pain Questionnaire (p≤0,05) were observed in the main group compared to the comparison group. The number of patients reported severe headache decreased from 19 to 9 (p=0,03) as well. Conclusion Pharmacotherapy combined with the complex "Neurofeedback-sensory room" significantly increases the efficacy of treatment of tension headache.Objective To study alexithymia in schizophrenia and some somatic diseases. Material and methods The study included 60 patients with paranoid schizophrenia (ICD-10 F20.0), 55 hypertensive patients with primary heart disease (I11), 53 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease (I25) and 51 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (E10). To assess the manifestations of alexithymia, the Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-26) was used. The Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) was administered to patients with schizophrenia. Results The average scores on TAS were higher in patients with schizophrenia compared to patients with somatic diseases (109,73 and 81,66, respectively). During the analysis of responses to TAS statements, features of a general and particular nature were identified. Conclusions Alexithymia is not a property characteristic of psychosomatic diseases and neurotic disorders, and is detected in schizophrenic patients and patients with somatic diseases. The relationship of alexithymia with negative symptoms of schizophrenia suggests that it might impact on interpersonal relations, social adaptation and development of autistic symptoms in patients.Objective To evaluate the level of adaptive functioning in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Materials and methods One hundred children and adolescents with ADHD (79 male and 21 female) were examined using M. Weiss functional impairment rating scale (WFIRS). The total score on the ADHD-DSM-IV was at least 24 and ADHD severity was rated as «Moderately ill» or «Markedly ill» on CGI-S-ADHD scale. Results Typical for ADHD difficulties with adaptive functioning in «Family», «Learning and school», «Life skills», «Social activities» domains are more pronounced in «Markedly ill» patients compared to «Moderately ill» and increase during the transition from childhood to adolescence. Comorbid disorders (oppositional defiant disorder and anxiety disorders) lead to a significant increase in adaptive functioning impairments in most domains of daily life, including «Family», «Learning and school», «Child's self concept», «Social activities» and «Risky activities». Conclusion It is necessary not only to assess core symptoms in the follow-up of patients with ADHD, but also evaluate comorbid disorders and the level of functional impairment across the main domains of daily life.