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Stephan Perren's contributions to the understanding and application of the principles of bone pathobiology, healing, and fracture fixation to clinical care remain as a lasting legacy of a great creative mind. Less well appreciated perhaps were his important contributions to the dissemination and practical application of those principles through the use of technology as applied to the learning environment. This paper describes and pays tribute to a series of initiatives in which Perren was a leading mentor and collaborator in the development of methods and instruments through which the principles of bone mechano-pathobiology could be translated through active learning environments into the practical world of clinical musculoskeletal traumatology.<br /><br /> To clarify the association between serum vitamin D levels and its receptor polymorphisms with glaucoma risk.<br /><br /> A meta-analysis was performed from available studies investigating serum vitamin D levels and vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms in glaucoma patients and controls.<br /><br /> Twelve studies in total, including 130,676 and 476 subjects, were analysed for the association between serum vitamin D levels and VDR polymorphisms with glaucoma, respectively. Collectively, it was found that glaucoma patients have lower levels of vitamin D compared to controls (SMD=-1.16, 95% CI=-1.56--0.76, P&lt;0.00001). In parallel, the pooled results showed a significant association between glaucoma and allelic (b vs. B, OR=1.84, 95% CI=1.37-2.46, P=0.00001) and recessive (bb vs. Bb+BB, OR=3.16, 95% CI=1.30-7.66, P=0.001) models of VDR BsmI (rs1544410) polymorphism, but not with VDR TaqI (rs731236) or FokI (rs2228570) polymorphisms.<br /><br /> This meta-analysis suggests that patients with glaucoma may have vitamin D deficiency. In addition, the vitamin D signalling cascade may be a contributing factor in developing glaucoma, which is supported by the evidence that b allele carriers of VDR BsmI exhibited an increase in the risk of glaucoma. Thus, dietary supplementation of vitamin D may become an important approach as an additional treatment for glaucoma.<br /><br />This meta-analysis suggests that patients with glaucoma may have vitamin D deficiency. In addition, the vitamin D signalling cascade may be a contributing factor in developing glaucoma, which is supported by the evidence that b allele carriers of VDR BsmI exhibited an increase in the risk of glaucoma. Thus, dietary supplementation of vitamin D may become an important approach as an additional treatment for glaucoma.<br /><br /> To study the efficacy, stability, safety and predictability of small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) at 1 day and 3 months postoperatively for moderate and high myopic astigmatism. To describe a simple and convenient method for detection and manual compensation of cyclotorsion during the procedure.<br /><br /> In this retrospective study, a total of 164 eyes from 114 patients over 20 years of age with at least 1.5 diopters (D) of myopic astigmatism were treated by SMILE. Any cyclotorsion was manually compensated by gently rotating the cone to align the horizontal marks on the cornea to the 0° to 180° axis of the reticule after activating the suction.<br /><br /> The mean preoperative spherical equivalent (SE) was -5.3±2.01 D, and the mean cylinder was -2.01±0.67 D. Three months after surgery, a total of 87% of eyes were within±0.50 D of attempted post-operative SE, and 98% of eyes were within±1.00 D. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Tigecycline.html check details] Overall, the predictability of cylinder correction was excellent, with 96.3% of eyes within±1.00 D of attempted post-operative cylinder. The mean postoperative cylinder at three months was -0.3±0.39 D. We noted a slight undercorrection with treatment of high cylinder. However, 82% of eyes achieved postoperative refractive astigmatism less than 0.5 D. 91% of eyes achieved uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) equal to or better than 8/10. 22% of eyes gained one line of visual acuity.<br /><br /> SMILE is a predictable and safe technique for the surgical correction of astigmatism. Manual compensation may be an effective approach to improve astigmatic outcomes of SMILE, especially in moderate and high astigmatism.<br /><br />SMILE is a predictable and safe technique for the surgical correction of astigmatism. Manual compensation may be an effective approach to improve astigmatic outcomes of SMILE, especially in moderate and high astigmatism.Allergic conjunctivitis affects 15 to 20% of the general population. It is currently evaluated by the Conjunctival Provocation Test (CPT), which is considered as the gold standard. In the investigation of allergic rhinitis and asthma, environmental exposure chambers (EEC) are increasingly utilised. For allergic conjunctivitis, EEC might be a valid alternative to the CPT. However, evaluation of the allergen response in individual provocation tests or in EECs is still in discussion due to the multiplicity of symptom scores. Indeed, there are many scores used to evaluate allergic conjunctivitis. The main criteria used were described by Abelson in 1990 and include redness, itching, tearing, and swelling. In clinical studies, the specifically ocular score most used is the Total Ocular Symptom Score (TOSS). Few treatments have been evaluated by EEC, including cold compresses, epinastine and N-acetyl aspartyl glutamic acid. Moreover, early data shows good correlation between ocular symptoms induced in an EEC and those assessed during natural exposure. EEC might be a valid alternative to CPT and correlate with natural seasonal allergen exposure. Finally, EEC might be useful in other fields as well, such as in the study of dry eye disease.Intravitreal anti-vascular epithelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections have revolutionised the treatment of macular diseases, but can be stressful for the patient. We surveyed 904 patients receiving injections at 5 centres in France regarding their feelings toward anti-VEGF injections. The mean age was 77.4 years, and the injections were performed mostly for age related macular degeneration (72%). Half of the patients had previously received&gt;10 injections, 35.6% had received 3-10 injections, and 14.2% had received less then 3 injections. The mean (SD) stress score was 4.2 [on a scale from 1-10 (0=least stressful, 10=extremely stressful)]. Most patients (70%) reported low to moderate stress (score ≤5). The number of previous injections did not influence stress scores. Paradoxically, 61.2% of patients reported finding injections to be less stressful over time. Most patients found injections to be less traumatic than expected (64%) or just as they had anticipated (25%). Most patients (88%) were not bothered by the presence of other patients in the waiting room.