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Global adult disease burden and economic costs are substantial but evidence from low- and middle-income countries is limited. There is a need for a strengthened evidence base and political commitment to drive a comprehensive, global technical consensus on adult immunization.Merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP2) is a highly abundant, GPI-anchored surface antigen on merozoites of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. It consists of highly conserved N- and C-terminal domains, and a central polymorphic region that allows all MSP2 alleles to be categorized into the 3D7 or FC27 family. Previously it has been shown that epitope accessibility differs between lipid-bound and lipid-free MSP2, suggesting that lipid interactions modulate the conformation and antigenicity in a way that may better mimic native MSP2 on the merozoite surface. Therefore, we have immunised mice with MSP2 engrafted onto liposomes using a C-terminal tether that mimics the native GPI anchor. To improve the immunogenicity of the formulated antigen, liposomes were supplemented with Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern molecules, specifically agonists of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or TLR2. Induced antibodies were directed mostly towards conserved epitopes, predominantly in the conserved C-terminal region of MSP2. We also found that immunisation with a combination of 3D7 and FC27 MSP2 enhanced antibody responses to conserved epitopes, and that the overall responses of mice immunised with MSP2-engrafted liposomes were comparable in magnitude to those of mice immunised with MSP2 formulated in Montanide ISA720. The antibodies elicited in mice by immunising with MSP2-engrafted liposomes recognised the native form of parasite MSP2 on western blots and were found to be cross-reactive with isolated 3D7 and FC27 merozoites when investigated by ELISA. The liposome-tethered MSP2 induced higher titres of complement-fixing antibodies to 3D7 and FC27 MSP2 than did MSP2 formulated in Montanide ISA720. Our results indicate that liposomal formulation represents a viable strategy for eliciting a strong immune response that favours conserved epitopes in MSP2 and thus a strain-transcendent immune response.Two type O commercial vaccines, the O1/Campos and O/Primorsky/2014 vaccines, were studied to evaluate the in vivo efficacy in pigs against heterologous virus challenge with the O/SKR/Jincheon/2014 virus (O/SEA/Mya-98 lineage) isolated in Korea in 2014. The in vivo challenge results indicated that both vaccines induced a high heterologous virus neutralization test (VNT) titer by a single injection and successfully protected specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs from challenge infection. To determine the optimal vaccination age, a field trial with each vaccine was conducted with three one-shot-vaccinated groups that were injected at 8, 12, or 14 weeks of age and one two-shot-vaccinated group that was injected at 8 and 12 weeks of age in the pig farms. In these field trials, the improved serological performance at 20 and 24 weeks of age expected with vaccination at 12 or 14 weeks of age was not observed, although improved serological results were expected as the result of decreasing interference of maternally derived antibodies (MDAs), as MDAs waned with age. In addition, delayed vaccination resulted in MDA depletion at 14 weeks of age. Therefore, the optimal age for primary vaccination with two different formulated vaccines was 8 weeks old in pigs, considering that MDAs could provide a protective immunity against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) infection. Prolonged significantly higher VNT titers of immunized pigs were demonstrated in the two-shot-vaccinated groups. In total, the effectiveness of the two vaccines was demonstrated through efficacy tests and field trials in pigs.<br /><br /> It has been reported that the use of the acellular dermal matrix (ADM) in expander-based breast reconstruction is related to an increase in seroma-related complications. The aim of this study is to compare the actual drainage volume, time to drain removal, and seroma formation rate in patients with prepectoral expander placement with anterior coverage of a fenestrated ADM to those patients with partial subpectoral expander placement with inferior coverage of a fenestrated ADM.<br /><br /> This is a single-surgeon retrospective review of patients who underwent prepectoral expander-based breast reconstruction following non-nipple-sparing mastectomy. Patient demographics, operative data, and complications were analyzed and multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the significance of factors that influences total volume of fluid formation.<br /><br /> A total of 89 breasts from 87 patients were included in the study. Twenty-seven breasts had prepectoral expander reconstruction and 62 breasts had partial snt (p = 0.190) in the two groups. In the subpectoral group only, high body mass index (BMI) was correlated with the total volume of fluid formation among the independent factors. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sp2509.html SP2509 cell line] (p = 0.017) CONCLUSIONS Although total drainage volume was not significantly different between prepectoral and subpectoral groups, prepectoral positioning of the expander can be a protective factor against seroma formation in high BMI patients. Further definitive studies with larger patient numbers are warranted to corroborate these data and draw definitive conclusions.<br /><br /> To describe and analyze the pediatric neuroradiology implicit curriculum for general-pediatric and neuro-pediatric radiology fellowship training in order to define specific trainee needs and inform an explicit pediatric neuroradiology curriculum.<br /><br /> A focus group of pediatric radiologists, pediatric neuroradiologists and fellows was conducted to create a needs assessment questionnaire that focused on training experience, current job, and a list of essential competency items. The questionnaire was distributed to 175 members of the Society for Pediatric Radiology. Data were derived from categorical and continuous survey variables. Using an inductive approach, we analyzed and systematically inspected the data to derive themes regarding trainee needs and how they might inform an explicit curriculum.<br /><br /> Fifty-seven pediatric radiologists (response rate of 33%) responded to the survey. Sixty-three percent of respondents were fellowship trained in general pediatric radiology, 21% in pediatric neuroradiology, and 16% in both.