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We report on the synthesis and characterization of highly monodisperse amorphous silica nanoparticles (ASNs) and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with particle sizes of 15-60 nm. We demonstrate adsorption of Cr(VI) ions on amino-functionalized ASNs (NH2-ASNs) and MSNs (NH2-MSNs) and their removal from aqueous environments and show the specific surface area (SSA) of NH2-MSNs is four times as larger as that of NH2-ASNs and that more than 70% of the total SSA of NH2-MSNs is due to the presence of nanopores. Analyses of Cr(VI) adsorption kinetics on NH2-ASNs and NH2-MSNs exhibited relatively rapid adsorption behavior following pseudo-second order kinetics as determined by nonlinear fitting. NH2-ASNs and NH2-MSNs exhibited significantly higher Cr(VI) adsorption capacities of 34.0 and 42.2 mg·g-1 and removal efficiencies of 61.9 and 76.8% than those of unfunctionalized ASNs and MSNs, respectively. The Langmuir model resulted in best fits to the adsorption isotherms of NH2-ASNs and NH2-MSNs. The adsorption of Cr(VI) on NH2-ASNs and NH2-MSNs was an endothermic and spontaneous process according to the thermodynamic analyses of temperature-dependent adsorption isotherms. The removal efficiencies of NH2-ASNs and NH2-MSNs exhibited a moderate reduction of less than 25% of the maximum values after five regeneration cycles. Furthermore, NH2-MSNs were also found to reduce adsorbed Cr(VI) into less harmful Cr(III).We propose the concept of universal fiducials based on a set of pre-made semi-synthetic antibodies (sABs)&nbsp;generated by customized phage display selections against the fusion protein BRIL, an engineered variant of apocytochrome b562a. These sABs can bind to BRIL fused either into the loops or termini of different GPCRs, ion channels, receptors and transporters without disrupting their structure. A crystal structure of BRIL in complex with an affinity-matured sAB (BAG2) that bound to all systems tested delineates the footprint of interaction. Negative stain and cryoEM data of several examples of BRIL-membrane protein chimera highlight the effectiveness of the sABs as universal fiducial marks. Taken together with a cryoEM structure of sAB bound human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, this work demonstrates that these anti-BRIL sABs can greatly enhance the particle properties leading to improved cryoEM outcomes, especially for challenging membrane proteins.Transcription regulators from the LexA-like Protein Superfamily control a highly diverse assortment of genetic pathways in response to environmental stress. All characterized members of this family modulate their functionality and stability via a strict coordination with the coprotease function of RecA. Using the LexA-like protein IrvR from Streptococcus mutans, we demonstrate an exception to the RecA paradigm and illustrate how this evolutionary innovation has been coopted to diversify the stress responsiveness of S. mutans biofilms. Using a combination of genetics and biophysical measurements, we demonstrate how non-SOS stresses and SOS stresses each trigger separate regulatory mechanisms that stimulate production of a surface lectin responsible for remodeling the viscoelastic properties of extant biofilms during episodes of environmental stress. These studies demonstrate how changes in the external environment or even anti-biofilm therapeutic agents can activate biofilm-specific adaptive mechanisms responsible for bolstering the integrity of established biofilm communities. Such changes in biofilm community structure are likely to play central roles in the notorious recalcitrance of biofilm infections.ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), a basic domain/leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, acts as a master regulator of transcription to promote photomorphogenesis. At present, it's unclear whether HY5 uses additional mechanisms to inhibit hypocotyl elongation. Here, we demonstrate that HY5 enhances the activity of GSK3-like kinase BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2), a key repressor of brassinosteroid signaling, to repress hypocotyl elongation. We show that HY5 physically interacts with and genetically acts through BIN2 to inhibit hypocotyl elongation. The interaction of HY5 with BIN2 enhances its kinase activity possibly by the promotion of BIN2 Tyr200 autophosphorylation, and subsequently represses the accumulation of the transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (BZR1). Leu137 of HY5 is found to be important for the HY5-BIN2 interaction and HY5-mediated regulation of BIN2 activity, without affecting the transcriptional activity of HY5. HY5 levels increase with light intensity, which gradually enhances BIN2 activity. Thus, our work reveals an additional way in which HY5 promotes photomorphogenesis, and provides an insight into the regulation of GSK3 activity.Topological properties of materials are typically presented in momentum space. Here, we demonstrate a universal mapping of topological singularities from momentum to real space. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sch-527123.html find more] By exciting Dirac-like cones in photonic honeycomb (pseudospin-1/2) and Lieb (pseudospin-1) lattices with vortex beams of topological charge&nbsp;l, optimally aligned with a given pseudospin state s, we directly observe topological charge conversion that follows the rule l → l + 2s. Although the mapping is observed in photonic lattices where pseudospin-orbit interaction takes place, we generalize the theory to show it is the nontrivial Berry phase winding that accounts for the conversion which persists even in systems where&nbsp;angular momentum is not conserved, unveiling its topological origin. Our results have direct impact on other branches of physics and material sciences beyond the 2D photonic platform equivalent mapping occurs for 3D topological singularities such as Dirac-Weyl synthetic monopoles, achievable in mechanical, acoustic, or ultracold atomic systems, and even with electron beams.Since 2002, beta coronaviruses (CoV) have caused three zoonotic outbreaks, SARS-CoV in 2002-2003, MERS-CoV in 2012, and the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019. However, little is currently known about the biology of SARS-CoV-2. Here, using SARS-CoV-2 S protein pseudovirus system, we confirm that human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) is the receptor for SARS-CoV-2, find that SARS-CoV-2 enters 293/hACE2 cells mainly through endocytosis, that PIKfyve, TPC2, and cathepsin L are critical for entry, and that SARS-CoV-2 S protein is less stable than SARS-CoV S. Polyclonal anti-SARS S1 antibodies T62 inhibit entry of SARS-CoV S but not SARS-CoV-2 S pseudovirions. Further studies using recovered SARS and COVID-19 patients' sera show limited cross-neutralization, suggesting that recovery from one infection might not protect against the other. Our results present potential targets for development of drugs and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2.