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Microcontainers open new doors for researchers who rely on organoid models.Automated vehicles (AVs) have made huge strides toward large-scale deployment. Despite this progress, AVs continue to make mistakes, some resulting in death. Although some mistakes are avoidable, others are hard to avoid even by highly skilled drivers. As these mistakes continue to shape attitudes toward AVs, we need to understand whether people differentiate between them. We ask the following two questions. When an AV makes a mistake, does the perceived difficulty or novelty of the situation predict blame attributed to it? How does that blame attribution compare to a human driving a car? Through two studies, we find that the amount of blame people attribute to AVs and human drivers is sensitive to situation difficulty. However, while some situations could be more difficult for AVs and others for human drivers, people blamed AVs more, regardless. Our results provide novel insights in understanding psychological barriers influencing the public's view of AVs.Near-infrared (NIR) phosphor-converted light-emitting diode (pc-LED) has great potential in non-invasive detection, while the discovery of tunable broadband NIR phosphor still remains a challenge. Here, we report that Cr3+-activated LiIn2SbO6 exhibits a broad emission band ranging from 780 to 1400 nm with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 225 nm upon 492 nm excitation. The emission peaks are tuned from 970 to 1020 nm together with considerable broadening of FWHM (∼285 nm) via Li/Na substitution. Depending on Yb3+ co-doping, a stronger NIR fluorescence peak of Yb3+ appears with improved thermal resistance, which is ascribed to efficient energy transfer from Cr3+ to Yb3+. An NIR pc-LED package has been finally designed and demonstrated a remarkable ability to penetrate pork tissues (∼2 cm) so that the insertion depth of a needle can be observed, indicating that the phosphor can be applied in non-destructive monitoring.Animals require robust yet flexible programs to support locomotion. Here we report a pathway that connects the D1-like dopamine receptor DOP-1 with a sleep mechanism to modulate swimming in C. elegans. We show that DOP-1 plays a negative role in sustaining swimming behavior. By contrast, a pathway through the D2-like dopamine receptor DOP-3 negatively regulates the initiation of swimming, but its impact fades quickly over a few minutes. We find that DOP-1 and the GPCR kinase (G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-2) function in the sleep interneuron RIS, where DOP-1 modulates the secretion of a sleep neuropeptide FLP-11. We further show that DOP-1 and FLP-11 act in the same pathway to modulate swimming. Together, these results delineate a functional connection between a dopamine receptor and a sleep program to regulate swimming in C. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/elacestrant.html Elacestrant cell line] elegans. The temporal transition between DOP-3 and DOP-1 pathways highlights the dynamic nature of neuromodulation for rhythmic movements that persist over time.Heterozygous gain-of-function (GOF) mutations of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2A), a key hypoxia-sensing regulator, are associated with erythrocytosis, thrombosis, and vascular complications that account for morbidity and mortality of patients. We demonstrated that the vascular pathology of HIF2A GOF mutations is independent of erythrocytosis. We generated HIF2A GOF-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and differentiated them into endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Unexpectedly, HIF2A-SMCs, but not HIF2A-ECs, were phenotypically aberrant, more contractile, stiffer, and overexpressed endothelin 1 (EDN1), myosin heavy chain, elastin, and fibrillin. EDN1 inhibition and knockdown of EDN1-receptors both reduced HIF2-SMC stiffness. Hif2A GOF heterozygous mice displayed pulmonary hypertension, had SMCs with more disorganized stress fibers and higher stiffness in their pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells, and had more deformable pulmonary arteries compared with wild-type mice. Our findings suggest that targeting these vascular aberrations could benefit patients with HIF2A GOF and conditions of augmented hypoxia signaling.Aging is associated with impairments in the circadian rhythms, and with energy deregulation that affects multiple metabolic pathways. The goal of this study is to unravel the complex interactions among aging, metabolism, and the circadian clock. We seek to identify key factors that inform the liver circadian clock of cellular energy status and to reveal the mechanisms by which variations in food intake may disrupt the clock. To address these questions, we develop a comprehensive mathematical model that represents the circadian pathway in the mouse liver, together with the insulin/IGF-1 pathway, mTORC1, AMPK, NAD+, and the NAD+ -consuming factor SIRT1. The model is age-specific and can simulate the liver of a young mouse or an aged mouse. Simulation results suggest that the reduced NAD+ and SIRT1 bioavailability may explain the shortened circadian period in aged rodents. Importantly, the model identifies the dosing schedules for maximizing the efficacy of anti-aging medications.Tubular carcinoma (TC) is a subtype of invasive breast carcinoma with better prognosis, and phyllodes tumors (PT) are rare fibroepithelial lesions. Accurate preoperative pathological diagnosis allows for correct surgical planning and avoidance of reoperation for these breast neoplasms. A database was created by analyzing the archives of Department of General Surgery of the İstanbul Faculty of Medicine between September 2006 and November 2017, and a total of 105 PTs and 55 TCs were collected. Two cases with concurrence of TC and PT were identified and examined in detail. The first patient was a 33-year-old woman with a 20×12 mm2 TC and a 65×32 mm2 malignant PT in the left breast. The second patient was a 28-year-old woman with two masses in the right breast. The first mass was 38×16 mm2 on the upper outer quadrant, and the second mass was 10×8 mm2 in size in the lower inner quadrant, accompanied by a 16×10 mm2 TC and a 33×26 mm2 borderline PT. Both cases were treated by mastectomies due to patient's decisions or insufficient margin control.