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g. mobile or sedentary).<br /><br /> Efficient bone regeneration using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is needed to reduce side effects caused by high-dose BMP-2 use. The composite material of polylactic acid-polyethene glycol (PLA-PEG) for sustained release and an osteogenic nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) can contribute to efficient bone regeneration by BMP-2.<br /><br /> An experimental in vitro and in vivo study.<br /><br /> The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a novel composite material of PLA-PEG and nHAp as a carrier for BMP-2.<br /><br /> The release kinetics of BMP-2 from the composites was investigated by ELISA. Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent posterolateral spinal fusion on L4-L5 with three different doses of BMP-2 (0 µg [control], 3 µg [low dose], and 10 µg [high dose]). Weekly µCT results and histology and a manual palpation test at 8 weeks postoperatively were used for assessment of the spinal fusion.<br /><br /> ELISA demonstrated the sustained release of BMP-2 until day 21. µCT and manual palpation test demonstrated a solid fusion in 91.6% (11/12) of specimens in both the low- and high-dose groups. N mice in the control group attained bony fusion (0%, 0/9). nHAp was resorbed between 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively, and regenerated fusion mass at 8 weeks postoperatively consisted of only newly formed bone.<br /><br /> The nHAp/PLA-PEG composite enabled efficient bone regeneration with low-dose BMP-2. The sustained release of BMP-2 by PLA-PEG and the osteogenic and biodegradable scaffold of nHAp might contribute to efficient bone regeneration.<br /><br /> This novel composite material has potential in clinical applications (spinal fusion, large bone defect and non-union) by enabling efficient bone formation by BMP-2.<br /><br />This novel composite material has potential in clinical applications (spinal fusion, large bone defect and non-union) by enabling efficient bone formation by BMP-2.<br /><br /> Adult spinal deformity patients treated operatively by long-segment instrumented spinal fusion are prone to develop proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) and failure (PJF). A gradual transition in range of motion (ROM) at the proximal end of spinal instrumentation may reduce the incidence of PJK and PJF, however, previously evaluated techniques have not directly been compared.<br /><br /> To determine the biomechanical characteristics of five different posterior spinal instrumentation techniques to achieve semirigid junctional fixation, or "topping-off," between the rigid pedicle screw fixation (PSF) and the proximal uninstrumented spine.<br /><br /> Biomechanical cadaveric study.<br /><br /> Seven fresh-frozen human cadaveric spine segments (T8-L3) were subjected to ex vivo pure moment loading in flexion-extension, lateral bending and axial rotation up to 5 Nm. The native condition, three-level PSF (T11-L2), PSF with supplemental transverse process hooks at T10 (TPH), and two sublaminar taping techniques (knotted and clamped) as one- (T10f multiple instrumentation techniques that aim to reduce the incidence of PJK after thoracolumbar spinal fusion surgery provides a basis upon which clinical studies could be designed. Furthermore, the data provided in this study can be used to further analyze the biomechanical effects of the studied techniques using finite element models to better predict their post-operative effectiveness.<br /><br /> The number of performed instrumented lumbar spine surgeries and associated health-care-related costs has increased over the last decades, and will increase further in the future. With the consistent growth of health-care-related costs, cost-effectiveness of surgical techniques is of major relevance. Common indications for instrumented lumbar spine surgery are spondylolisthesis and degenerative disease. A commonly used technique is the open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (OTLIF). Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in the minimally invasive variation of this technique (minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion [MITLIF]). Currently available literature describes that MITLIF has comparable or even better clinical results compared to OTLIF. Cost-effectiveness of MITLIF and OTLIF is important considering the growing health-care related costs, although no consensus has been reached regarding the most cost-effective technique. In this systematic review, previous literature concerning -making. Prospective randomized studies directly comparing cost-effectiveness of OTLIF and MITLIF from both hospital and societal perspectives are needed to obtain higher level of evidence.<br /><br /> To determine the rates of residual anal sphincter defect following primary repair of obstetrical anal sphincter injury (OASIS), and to assess symptomatology in these patients.<br /><br /> A retrospective observational study of patients who underwent primary repair of an OASIS sustained at Mount Sinai Hospital from January 2016 to June 2017. Records were reviewed for demographic and obstetrical data, symptoms of anal incontinence (AI), and the results of endoanal ultrasonography (EA-US).<br /><br /> Onehundred andone women sustained an OASIS during the study period, of whom 53 had EA-US performed at Mount Sinai Hospital; 4 women were excluded from this analysis. There were 42 third-degree tears and 7 fourth-degree tears. EA-US revealed residual defects in 22 patients with third-degree tears and 5 patients with fourth-degree tears (52% vs. 71%; P = 0.44). [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jib-04.html JIB-04 manufacturer] Twelve patients with third-degree tears and 4 patients with fourth-degree tears reported AI(29% vs. 57%; P = 0.20). EA-US revealed no evidence of a tear in 14 patients clinically diagnosed with third-degree tears and 1 patientclinically diagnosed with a fourth-degree tear(33% vs. 14%).<br /><br /> These data demonstratedeficiencies indiagnosis and repair of OASIS. Continued training for health care providers on identification and effective repair of OASIS may improve outcomes for women who experience this complication.<br /><br />These data demonstrate deficiencies in diagnosis and repair of OASIS. Continued training for health care providers on identification and effective repair of OASIS may improve outcomes for women who experience this complication.