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The human gut microbiota plays important roles in human health but is also known to be highly diverse between populations from different regions. Yet most studies inadequately account for this regional diversity in their analyses. This study examines the extent to which geographical variation can act as a confounding variable for studies that associate the microbiota with human phenotypic variation.<br /><br /> Population-based study.<br /><br /> China.<br /><br /> 2164 participants from 15 province-level divisions in China.<br /><br /> We analysed the impact of geographic location on associations between the human gut microbiota and 72 host factors representing a wide variety of environmental-level, household-level and individual-level factors.<br /><br /> While the gut microbiota varied across a wide range of host factors including urbanisation, occupation and dietary variables, the geographic region (province/megacity) of the participants explained the largest proportion of the variance (17.9%). The estimated effect sizes for other host factors varied substantially by region with little evidence of a reproducible signal across different areas as measured by permutational multivariate analysis of variance and random forest models.<br /><br /> Our results suggest that geographic variation is an essential factor that should be explicitly considered when generalising microbiota-based models to host phenotype across different populations.<br /><br />Our results suggest that geographic variation is an essential factor that should be explicitly considered when generalising microbiota-based models to host phenotype across different populations.<br /><br /> To determine whether neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) can decrease the mortality of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and improve their clinical outcomes.<br /><br /> Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression.<br /><br /> PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov.<br /><br /> Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the treatment effect of NMBAs with that of placebo (or traditional treatment) in patients with ARDS were carefully selected. The primary outcome was 90-day mortality. The secondary outcomes were 21-28 days mortality, NMBA-related complications (barotrauma, pneumothorax and intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired muscle weakness), days free of ventilation and days not in the ICU by day 28, Medical Research Council score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and arterial oxygen tension (PaO<br /><br /> )/fractional inspired oxygen (FiO<br /><br /> ) (at 48 hours and 72 hours). [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/valproic-acid.html VPA HDAC inhibitor] Random-effects meta-regression was used to explore models involving potential moderatotients with ARDS, which contradicts a previous meta-analysis.<br /><br /> CRD42019139440.<br /><br />CRD42019139440.<br /><br /> To explore UK clinicians' beliefs and behaviours around recommending e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid for patients with cancer.<br /><br /> Cross-sectional online survey.<br /><br /> England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.<br /><br /> Clinicians involved in the care of patients with cancer.<br /><br /> Behavioural Change Wheel capability, opportunity and motivation to perform a behaviour, knowledge, beliefs, current practice around e-cigarettes and other smoking cessation practices.<br /><br /> Clinicians (n=506) completed an online survey to assess beliefs and behaviours around e-cigarettes and other smoking cessation practices for patients with cancer. Behavioural factors associated with recommending e-cigarettes in practice were assessed.<br /><br /> 29% of clinicians would not recommend e-cigarettes to patients with cancer who continue to smoke. Factors associated with recommendation include smoking cessation knowledge (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.44) and e-cigarette knowledge (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.55), engagement with patients regarding smoking cessation (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.12 to 4.03), belief in the effectiveness of e-cigarettes (OR 2.36 95% CI 1.61 to 3.47) and belief in sufficient evidence on e-cigarettes (OR 2.08 95% CI 1.10 to 4.00) and how comfortable they felt discussing e-cigarettes with patients (OR 1.57 95% CI 1.04 to 2.36).<br /><br /> Many clinicians providing cancer care to patients who smoke do not recommend e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid and were unaware of national guidance supporting recommendation of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid.<br /><br />Many clinicians providing cancer care to patients who smoke do not recommend e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid and were unaware of national guidance supporting recommendation of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid.<br /><br /> Patients with breast cancer (BC) cope with depression which is linked to functional limitations in survivorship and to physical symptoms. Pain and fatigue are prominent symptoms that affect the well-being of cancer survivors. Emotional processing has been associated with improved physical and psychological health in survivors. Art therapy is a form of psychotherapy that involves the use of visual art-making for expression and communication. It encourages emotional processing and has been linked to symptom reduction in patients with cancer. This protocol is designed to examine two mechanistic changes emotional processing (awareness, expression and acceptance) and cholinergic anti-inflammatory processes (heart rate variability and cytokine expression) through which an art therapy intervention may reduce depression, pain and fatigue. In addition, we will examine ethnocultural differences in the effect of art therapy in women from different ethnocultural backgrounds.<br /><br /> A randomised controlled study with carefuly is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03377816; Pre-results.<br /><br />The study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03377816; Pre-results.<br /><br /> Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a dismal prognosis with an overall 5-year survival of approximately 8%. The success in reducing the mortality rate of PDAC is related to the discovery of new therapeutic agents, and to a significant extent to the development of early detection and prevention programmes. Patients with new-onset diabetes mellitus (DM) represent a high-risk group for PDAC as they have an eightfold higher risk of PDAC than the general population. The proposed screening programme may allow the detection of PDAC in the early, operable stage. Diagnosing more patients in the curable stage might decrease the morbidity and mortality rates of PDAC and additionally reduce the burden of the healthcare.<br /><br /> This is a prospective, multicentre observational cohort study. Patients ≥60 years old diagnosed with new-onset (≤6 months) diabetes will be included. Exclusion criteria are (1) Continuous alcohol abuse; (2) Chronic pancreatitis; (3) Previous pancreas operation/pancreatectomy; (4) Pregnancy; (5) Present malignant disease and (6) Type 1 DM.