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"The most important thing I learned from my parents is to make decisions on my own. To me, being a "scientist" means keeping your child-like enthusiasm …" Find out more about Takeharu Haino in his Author Profile. © 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim.This study aimed to determine the optimal psoas muscle mass index (PMI) cut-off values for diagnosis of skeletal muscle mass loss. METHODS We evaluated PMI in two groups of normal controls a medical check-up group and a liver donation candidate group. We analyzed two novel PMI cut-off values, one based on the mean -&nbsp;two standard deviations (2SD) and one based on the lower 5%. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) evaluations using computed tomography (sliceOmatic; TomoVision) and bioelectrical impedance analysis and PMI evaluation were undertaken simultaneously. We analyzed the correlation between our PMI cut-off values and the Japan Society of Hepatology-defined SMI cut-off values. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hg-9-91-01.html HG-9-91-01 chemical structure] The prevalence of skeletal muscle mass loss in patients with liver disease was assessed using the novel PMI cut-off values. RESULTS In 504 normal controls aged ≤50&nbsp;years, the PMI cut-off values based on mean -2SD and the lower 5% were set at 3.30&nbsp;cm2 /m2 for men and 1.69&nbsp;cm2 /m2 for women and 3.74&nbsp;cm2 /m2 for men and 2.29&nbsp;cm2 /m2 for women, respectively. The PMI cut-off values based on the lower 5% alone showed that skeletal muscle mass loss increased with age. Furthermore, they correlated well with Japan Society of Hepatology-defined SMI (sliceOmatic) cut-off values and showed a significantly higher prevalence of skeletal muscle mass loss in patients with liver cirrhosis than those without liver cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS We propose the following PMI cut-off values 3.74&nbsp;cm2 /m2 for male individuals and 2.29&nbsp;cm2 /m2 for female individuals. These cut-off values can facilitate accurate diagnosis and management of sarcopenia in patients with chronic liver disease. © 2020 The Japan Society of Hepatology.We developed a scalable platform that employs electrolysis for an in vitro synthetic enzymatic cascade in a continuous flow reactor. Both H 2 and O 2 were produced by electrolysis and transferred via a gas permeable membrane into the flow system. The membrane enabled the separation of the electrolyte from the biocatalysts in the flow system, where H 2 and O 2 served as electron mediators for the biocatalysts. We demonstrated the production of methylated N -heterocycles from diamines with up to 99% conversion yield as well as excellent regio-selective labelling with stable isotopes. Our platform can be applied for a broad panel of oxidoreductases to exploit electrical energy for the synthesis of fine chemicals. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim.The ability of the central M atom of the MCl3 - anion, with M=Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, to engage in a noncovalent bond with an approaching nucleophile is gauged by ab initio methods. The N atom of pyridine forms a M⋅⋅⋅N bond with an interaction energy between 12 and 21 kcal mol-1 , even though the π-hole above the M atom is not necessarily positive in sign. Despite a strong Coulombic repulsion between two anions, CN- is also able to approach the M atom so as to engage in a metastable complex that is higher in energy than the individual anions. The energy barrier separating this complex from its constituent anion pair is roughly 20 kcal mol-1 . Despite the endothermic formation reaction energy of the CN- ⋅⋅⋅MCl3 - complex, the electron topology signals a strong interaction, more so than in pyridine⋅⋅⋅MCl3 - with its exothermic binding energy. The dianionic complex is held together largely on the strength of interorbital interactions, thereby overcoming a repulsive electrostatic component. The latter is partially alleviated by the pyramidalization of the MCl3 unit which makes its π-hole more positive. The complex sinks below the separate monomers in energy when the system is immersed in an aqueous medium, with a binding energy that varies from as much as 20 kcal mol-1 for Be down to 1.2 kcal mol-1 for Ba. © 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim.A novel and sensitive fluorescence analysis platform was constructed for the detection of chlorogenic acid (CGA) using carbon dots (C-dots) with prominent sensitivity and selectivity. Excitation-dependent emission fluorescence C-dots were fabricated using citric acid and l-histidine as precursors through an efficient one-step hydrothermal treatment. The maximum excitation and emission wavelength of the as-synthesized C-dots were 340 nm and 414 nm, respectively. Moreover, the as-prepared C-dots displayed excellent water solubility and good photostability. The fluorescence quantum yield of the as-prepared C-dots was measured to be about 22% using quinine sulfate as the reference. Furthermore, the obtained C-dots were applied to the detection of CGA accompanied with a wide linear range from 1.53 μmol L-1 to 80.0 μmol L-1 as well as a limit detection of 0.46 μmol L-1 . More importantly, the proposed fluorescence method was successfully used to analyse CGA in coffee and honeysuckle. © 2020 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.The present study was conducted to characterize the metabolome of accessory gland fluid (AGF) of locally adapted Morada Nova rams, raised in the Brazilian Northeast. AGF was collected by an artificial vagina from five vasectomized rams. Metabolites were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS), with the support of Human Metabolome Database, PubChem, LIPID Metabolites, Pathways Strategy databases, and MetaboAnalyst platforms. There were 182 and 190 metabolites detected by GC/MS and LC/MS, respectively, with an overlap of one molecule. Lipids and lipid-like molecules were the most abundant class of metabolites in the ram AGF (127 compounds), followed by amino acids, peptides, and analogs(103 metabolites). Considering all GC/MS and LC/MS, fructose, glycerol, citric acid, d-mannitol, d-glucose, and l-(+)-lactic acid were the most abundant single metabolites present in the ram AGF. Meaningful pathways associated with AGF metabolites included glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis; galactose metabolism; glutamate metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism, and so forth.