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6332 (<br /><br /> &lt;0.001) for non-municipalities (n=15), R<br /><br /> =0.9334 (<br /><br /> &lt;0.05) for cities with dental schools (n=4), R<br /><br /> =0.4925 (<br /><br /> &lt;0.01) for cities and counties without dental schools (n=17), and R<br /><br /> =0.5025 (<br /><br /> &lt;0.001) for nationwide (n=21).<br /><br /> The dental freshmen and practicing dentists are still more concentrated in municipalities than in non-municipalities and in cities with dental schools than in cities and counties without dental schools in Taiwan in 2020.<br /><br />The dental freshmen and practicing dentists are still more concentrated in municipalities than in non-municipalities and in cities with dental schools than in cities and counties without dental schools in Taiwan in 2020.<br /><br /> Local anesthesia (LA) application is a routine dental work in clinic. The aim of present study was to evaluate the extent of biologic effects of LA on periodontal ligaments (PDL) or bone cells (MG63).<br /><br /> Local anesthetics (LAs) at different concentrations were added to PDL and MG 63cells. The viability of the cells was analyzed using an MTT assay. The inflammatory markers, COX-2, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-A, of PDL and MG63cells treated with LAs were analyzed with a Western blot assay. The extract medium of the LA-treated PDL cells was added to the MG63cells for subsequent culture and to examine the RANKL, ALP, and OPG expression. The data were statistically analyzed with p&lt;0.05 set as an indication of significance.<br /><br /> The viability of the PDL and MG63cells was less 50% at LAs concentrations above the 10mM. At high LA concentrations, the PDL and MG63cells treated with LAs became spherical in shape, or vesicles developed in the cytoplasm. The IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-A expression in the PDL groups showed no statistical differences between Septanest and Scandonest (<br /><br /> &gt;0.05). The RANKL expression in the MG63cells increased as the Septanest and Scandonest concentrations were increased in the PDL extract medium (<br /><br /> &lt;0.05) after 48h of culturing.<br /><br /> The LAs with adrenaline increased inflammation in the PDL and MG63cells. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sbe-b-cd.html selleckchem] The LA-treated PDL extract medium increased the RANKL expression in the MG63cells.<br /><br />The LAs with adrenaline increased inflammation in the PDL and MG63 cells. The LA-treated PDL extract medium increased the RANKL expression in the MG63 cells.<br /><br /> Our previous study found that 70 of 884 burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients have serum gastric parietal cell antibody (GPCA) positivity but without thyroglobulin antibody (TGA) and thyroid microsomal antibody (TMA) (so-called GPCA<br /><br /> TGA-TMA-BMS patients). This study assessed whether these 70 GPCA<br /><br /> TGA-TMA-BMS patients had significantly higher frequencies of macrocytosis, anemia, hematinic deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia than 553 GPCA-negative, TGA-negative, and TMA-negative BMS (GPCA-TGA-TMA-BMS) patients or 442 healthy control subjects.<br /><br /> Complete blood count, serum iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine, GPCA, TGA, and TMA levels in 70 GPCA<br /><br /> TGA-TMA-BMS patients, 553 GPCA-TGA-TMA-BMS patients, and 442 healthy control subjects were measured and compared.<br /><br /> We found that 15.7%, 28.6%, 20.0%, 11.4%, 2.9%, and 25.7% of 70 GPCA<br /><br /> TGA-TMA-BMS patients and 3.8%, 17.7%, 15.9%, 3.8%, 2.7%, and 20.1% of 553 GPCA-TGA-TMA-BMS patients had macrocytosis, blood hemoglobin, iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid din B12, and folic acid deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia than healthy control subjects and significantly greater frequencies of macrocytosis, anemia, serum vitamin B12 deficiency, and hyperhomocysteinemia than GPCA-TGA-TMA-BMS patients.<br /><br /> Currently, very few young dentists in Taiwan are willing to choose oral pathology specialist as their lifelong career. This study reported the views of young dentists on the profession of oral pathology.<br /><br /> This study exploited the observational method and the questionnaire survey to collect the views of young dentists on the profession of oral pathology in Taiwan.<br /><br /> Thirty-five dental trainees or residents filled out the questionnaires. link2 They agreed that the life quality or workload, interest, incidence of medical disputes, accomplishment, future job opportunities, salary level, and possibility to become a clinic owner were important factors that were considered to choose a dental specialist training program. Most (33, 94.3%) of them were sure that they would not choose oral pathology specialists as their lifelong career. link3 The important reasons for not choosing oral pathology specialists as their lifelong career were learning characteristics, insufficient understanding of the work that an oral pathology specialist has to do, poor life quality or heavy workload, lower accomplishment, fewer job opportunities, and a relatively lower salary. The important factors that could increase the young dentists' willingness to consider oral pathology specialist as the lifelong career included increased income, life quality, and future job opportunities and reduced workload for the oral pathology residents and specialists.<br /><br /> We suggest that the government should build a long-term budget to subsidize oral pathology residents and specialists to further solve the serious oral pathology specialist shortage problem in Taiwan.<br /><br />We suggest that the government should build a long-term budget to subsidize oral pathology residents and specialists to further solve the serious oral pathology specialist shortage problem in Taiwan.<br /><br /> Online learning has been utilized in the world to continue educational activities in dentistry, which was severely affected by the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The purpose of this study was aimed to evaluate the effect of online learning during the pandemic of COVID-19 in different dental schools of different countries in Asia by the questionnaire survey.<br /><br /> Mantel-Haenszel chi-square tests were used to analyze the difference between dental schools with and without shutdown. A questionnaire-based online survey was used to evaluate the online learning effect on undergraduate students in 13 dental schools of 7 Asia countries and regions.<br /><br /> For the question that blended learning class has better learning efficiency, the agreement rate was significantly higher in the students (80.3%) from the dental schools that did not suspend face-to-face education activities than in the students (50.3%) from the dental school that was shut down.<br /><br /> Within the limitation of this study, it is concluded that a combination of physical and online classes in terms of blended learning courses will be the future trend for dental education.<br /><br />Within the limitation of this study, it is concluded that a combination of physical and online classes in terms of blended learning courses will be the future trend for dental education.<br /><br /> There were 661 board-certified orthodontic specialists in Taiwan in 2020. This study reported the current practice patterns and training project of orthodontic specialist in Taiwan.<br /><br /> This study exploited the secondary data analysis and interview to survey the current practice patterns and training project of orthodontic specialists in Taiwan.<br /><br /> Of the 661 orthodontic specialists, there were 84 registered in the medical centers, 44 in the regional hospitals, 7 in the district hospitals, and 526 in the dental clinics, respectively. There were 20 orthodontic specialist training institutions (15 medical centers, 3 regional hospitals, one district hospital, and one dental clinic) that had 218 dentists in orthodontic departments of training institutions and a training capacity of 51 dentists. Of the 20 orthodontic specialist training institutions in Taiwan in 2020, 12 were located in the northern, 4 in the central, and 4 in the southern regions of Taiwan. Moreover, we found none of the training institutions in toon as possible.<br /><br /> MTA is used to induce hard tissue regeneration in various procedures. This study evaluated the biocompatibility and mineralization potential of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) containing calcium fluoride (CaF<br /><br /> ). To verify if the change of components affected physical properties, the setting time, solubility, and surface roughness were measured.<br /><br /> Human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) were treated with powder and set MTA containing CaF<br /><br /> (0, 1, 5, and 10 wt %)<br /><br /> The proliferation of HDPCs was investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The mineralization potential of HDPCs was investigated with the relative gene expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type I (ColI), osteocalcin (OCN), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For investigating the physical properties, setting time and solubility were tested. Surface profiles of material were analyzed by a non-contact surface profiler and a scanning electron microscope (SEM).<br /><br /> MTA-5% CaF<br /><br /> mixtures increased the proliferation and the mineralization-related gene expression of HDPCs to a greater degree than pure MTA. The addition of CaF<br /><br /> to MTA delayed the setting, but the difference was only significant in the MTA-10% CaF<br /><br /> . Solubility and surface roughness was not altered.<br /><br /> The addition of more than 5% CaF<br /><br /> can be considered to increase the regeneration potential of pulp cells without adverse effects on physical property.<br /><br />The addition of more than 5% CaF2 can be considered to increase the regeneration potential of pulp cells without adverse effects on physical property.<br /><br /> Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as a chronic burning pain of the oral mucosa with no associated clinical signs or apparent extraneous cause. Limited epidemiologic data have been published. In this study, we probed the nationwide registered database to assess the prevalence of BMS in Taiwan.<br /><br /> A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the dental dataset compiled by the Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database from 2004 to 2013. The diagnosis of BMS was identified in accordance with the International Classification of Disease, Ninth revision. In addition, sex and age were analyzed by multivariate Poisson regression.<br /><br /> The prevalence of BMS revealed from 2.24 (per 10<br /><br /> ) to 3.11 (per 10<br /><br /> ) over past 10 year period. Female has higher risk of BMS than male (RR 1.39; 95% CI 1.37-1.41). The 50-59 years old group, 60-69 years old group, and &gt;70 years old group had 1.55-, 2.06-, and 2.58-fold risk than 40-49 years old group for BMS (p&lt;0.001), respectively.<br /><br /> Taken together, this is the first reported nationwide population based prevalence data for BMS in Taiwan. The risk for BMS is highly associated with female and advancing age.<br /><br />Taken together, this is the first reported nationwide population based prevalence data for BMS in Taiwan. The risk for BMS is highly associated with female and advancing age.Local anesthesia (LA) is the most important pain management process in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Safe and effective LA not only enable patients to obtain high-quality treatment, but also relieve the anxiety of patients when they come to the clinic. The choices of local anesthetic and injection methods determine the success of LA to a great extent. At present, in most countries or regions, common local anesthetics used in oral and maxillofacial surgery belong to amides and they are injected into patients' body mainly through block or infiltration anesthesia. In addition, the operators' technique level, patient's subjective psychology and anatomical variation of maxillofacial structure also have a strong influence on LA in dental clinic. Due to the existence of above factors, the worldwide success rates of LA in oral and maxillofacial surgery is very different. There are no specific LA methods that ensure 100% successful LA rates. Fortunately, the development of new local anesthetic and injection technology are providing us with new ideas to solve this problem.