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community. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) strongly influences the photodegradation of organic pollutants, varying depending on the structure of DOM. With the wide application of biochar, increasing amounts of DOM is released from biochar to the environment, which has different structural characteristics compared to natural DOM. In this study, DOM was derived from maize straw (MS) and pig manure (PM) and biochars by pyrolyzing MS and PM at 300&nbsp;°C and 500&nbsp;°C and the optical characteristics of DOM before and after phototransformation were explored via ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and excitation-emission matrix fluorescence. Photodegradation of an insecticide, imidacloprid (IMI) in the presence of DOM was examined. The results showed that DOM derived from biochar obtained by pyrolyzing MS and PM mainly contained two identified fluorescent components and high pyrolysis temperature (500&nbsp;°C) was associated with low molecular weight, small light-screening effects and great aromaticity of the DOM. After exposure to UV light, the aromaticity and molecular weight of the DOM declined due to phototransformation. Significant enhancement was observed in IMI photodegradation in the presence of biochar-derived DOM, and the enhancement was the greatest with DOM derived from pig manure biochar pyrolyzed at 500&nbsp;°C. In addition to the light shielding effect, the 1O2 generated from DOM played an important role in the phototransformation of IMI and DOM. The loss of the nitro group and oxidation at the imidazolidine ring were the main photodegradation pathways for IMI. This study expands our understanding of the fate of biochar-derived DOM and its effects on the fate of coexisting organic pollutants. Coral microbiomes, the complex microbial communities associated with the different anatomic compartments of the coral, provide important functions for the host's survival, such as nutrient cycling at the host's surface, prevention of pathogens colonization, and promotion of nutrient uptake. Microbiomes are generally referred to as plastic entities, able to adapt their composition and functionality in response to environmental change, with a possible impact on coral acclimatization to phenomena related to climate change, such as ocean acidification. Ocean sites characterized by natural gradients of pCO2 provide models for investigating the ability of marine organisms to acclimatize to decreasing seawater pH. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/fetuin-fetal-bovine-serum.html selleckchem] Here we compared the microbiome of the temperate, shallow water, non-symbiotic solitary coral Astroides calycularis that naturally lives at a volcanic CO2 vent in Ischia Island (Naples, Italy), with that of corals living in non-acidified sites at the same island. Bacterial DNA associated with the different anatomic compartments (mucus, tissue and skeleton) of A. calycularis was differentially extracted and a total of 68 samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In terms of phylogenetic composition, the microbiomes associated with the different coral anatomic compartments were different from each other and from the microbial communities of the surrounding seawater. Of all the anatomic compartments, the mucus-associated microbiome differed the most between the control and acidified sites. The differences detected in the microbial communities associated to the three anatomic compartments included a general increase in subdominant bacterial groups, some of which are known to be involved in different stages of the nitrogen cycle, such as potential nitrogen fixing bacteria and bacteria able to degrade organic nitrogen. Our data therefore suggests a potential increase of nitrogen fixation and recycling in A. calycularis living close to the CO2 vent system. Lake Urmia has shrunk by 88% since 1995 and is an outstanding example of an environmental tragedy in the Middle East, and the lake plays a critical role in the environment, economics, and society in the north-western part of Iran. It has been hypothesized that the drying of Lake Urmia has caused by climate variation and a climate-derived increase in droughts. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the teleconnections between the interannual to multidecadal climate variability and Lake Urmia because of the tangible implications for water resource management and policy decisions in the region. In this study, we use singular spectrum analysis (SSA), wavelet coherence analysis, and lag correlation calculations to analyze and quantify the impacts of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) on hydro-climate variables of precipitation, temperature, lake level, groundwater fluctuations, soil moisture, vePDO and the groundwater levels in most adjacent aquifers has occurred at the &gt;8-year period from ~1980 to 2015. In general, the hydro-climate variables statistically have a weak lag correlation with NAO (0.19 on average, ranging from 0.13 to 0.24). AMO comprises the first mode variability in temperature (71.77%), and its coherence with temperature is moderate (~0.5) at &gt;16-year period for the time earlier than 2000. The lag correlation between AMO and temperature (0.66) is relatively near strong. These findings have important implications for decision-makers and scientists to improve water resources planning and operations in Lake Urmia under future climate uncertainty. BACKGROUND Child maltreatment, removal from the home and foster care placement are all associated with poor physical and developmental outcomes for children. Early Childhood Court (ECC) is a specialized, trauma-informed, team-based approach designed to meet the unique needs of young children and their families in the dependency court system. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the ECC program in 20 Florida circuits. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants in the evaluation were 53 ECC professionals (e.g., judges, attorneys, mental health providers, caseworkers, etc.) and 9 parents and caregivers. Focus groups were conducted in person, and interviews were conducted either in person or on the phone. METHODS Interviews and focus groups were transcribed verbatim and analyzed with a hybrid deductive/inductive process using MAX QDA. Two coders (trained doctoral student researchers) established inter-coder reliability with a Kappa greater than 0.80 and used an iterative process to discuss, refine, and describe each theme throughout the analysis.