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OBJECTIVE The obesity paradox is the association of increased survival for overweight and obese patients compared to normal and underweight patients, despite an increased risk of morbidity. The obesity paradox has been demonstrated in many disease states but has yet to be studied in trauma. The objective of this study is to elucidate the presence of the obesity paradox in trauma patients by evaluating the association between BMI and outcomes. METHODS Using the 2014-2015 National Trauma Database (NTDB), adults were categorized by WHO BMI category. Logistic regression was used to assess the odds of mortality associated with each category, adjusting for statistically significant covariables. Length of stay (LOS), ICU LOS and ventilator days were also analyzed, adjusting for statistically significant covariables. RESULTS A total of 415,807 patients were identified. Underweight patients had increased odds of mortality (OR 1.378, p  less then  0.001 95% CI 1.252-1.514), while being overweight had a protective effect (OR 0.916, p = 0.002 95% CI 0.867-0.968). Class I obesity was not associated with increased mortality compared to normal weight (OR 1.013, p = 0.707 95% CI 0.946-1.085). Class II and Class III obesity were associated with increased mortality risk (Class II OR 1.178, p = 0.001 95% CI 1.069-1.299; Class III OR 1.515, p  less then  0.001 95% CI 1.368-1.677). Hospital and ICU LOS increased with each successive increase in BMI category above normal weight. Obesity was associated with increased ventilator days; Class I obese patients had a 22% increase in ventilator days (IRR 1.217 95% CI 1.171-1.263), and Class III obese patients had a 54% increase (IRR 1.536 95% CI 1.450-1.627). CONCLUSION The obesity paradox exists in trauma patients. Further investigation is needed to elucidate what specific phenotypic aspects confer this benefit and how these can enhance patient care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, prognostic study.INTRODUCTION Several medical and surgical improvements in the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) patients have led to a higher survival rate. However, some of these improvements also lead to an increased morbidity rate. This study aims to determine the contribution different medical and surgical treatments have had on the development of surgical complications. METHOD All CDH patients treated in a single centre between 2000 and 2015 were retrospectively evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the independent effects of several treatment options that could influence the surgical outcome by adjustment for multiple risk factors. RESULTS Sixty of the 197 surgically repaired CDH patients had surgical complications. There were more haemorrhagic complications in the ECMO compared to non-ECMO group (27% vs. 2%, p  less then  0.001). The use of inhaled nitric oxide was also significantly related to haemorrhage (OR = 13.0 (95% CI 1.1-159)). After adjustment for other risk factors, chylothorax was neither significantly associated with ECMO treatment (OR = 1.6 (95% CI 0.5-5.2) nor with patch repair (OR = 2.1 95% CI 0.7-6.1). A recurrence occurred more often in patients with pulmonary hypertension (OR = 10.0 (95% CI 1.5-65.8) and after treatment with an abdominal patch (OR = 11.3 95% CI 1.5-84.4). CONCLUSION ECMO treatment and the inhalation of nitric oxide are used in the most severe CDH patients but are associated with a higher risk on surgical haemorrhage. The recurrence rate is associated with both the use of an abdominal patch and the presence of pulmonary hypertension, regardless of medical treatment.BACKGROUND Massive transfusion (MT) is a lifesaving treatment for hemorrhaging patients. Predicting the need for MT is crucial to improve survival. The aim of our study was to validate the Revised Assessment of Bleeding and Transfusion (RABT) score to predict MT in a multicenter cohort of trauma patients. METHODS We performed a (2015-2017) analysis of adult (age ≥ 18&nbsp;year) trauma patients who had a high-level trauma team activation at three Level I trauma centers. The RABT was calculated using the 4-point score [blunt (0)/penetrating trauma (1), shock index ≥ 1 (1), pelvic fracture (1), and FAST positive (1)]. A RABT score of ≥ 2 was used to predict MT (≥ 10 units of packed red blood cells within 24&nbsp;h). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was calculated to assess the score's predictive power compared to the Assessment of Blood Consumption&nbsp;(ABC) score. RESULTS We analyzed 1018 patients 216 (facility I), 363 (facility II), and 439 (facility III). The mean age was 41 ± 19&nbsp;year, and the injury severity score (ISS) was 29 [22-36]. The overall MT rate was 19%. The overall AUROC of RABT ≥ 2 was 0.89. The sensitivity of the RABT ≥ 2 was 78%, and the specificity was 91%. The RABT score had a higher sensitivity (78% vs. 69%) and specificity (91% vs. 82%) than the ABC score. CONCLUSION The RABT score is a valid tool to predict MT in severely injured trauma patients. It is an objective score that aids clinicians in predicting the need for MT to mobilize blood products and minimize the waste of resources.BACKGROUND Phenotypes of achalasia are based on esophageal body pressurization during swallow. The reasons that lead to pressurized waves are still unclear. This study aims to evaluate manometric parameters that may determine pressurized waves in patients with achalasia. METHODS A total of 100 achalasia high-resolution manometry tests were reviewed. We measured before each swallow upper esophageal sphincter (UES) basal pressure, esophageal length, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) basal pressure, LES length, gastric and thoracic pressure, transdiaphragmatic pressure gradient and the LES retention pressure (LES basal pressure-TPG); during swallow UES pressure, UES residual pressure, UES recovery time, LES relaxation pressure, gastric and thoracic pressure, transdiaphragmatic pressure gradient and after swallow esophageal length, LES length, wave pressure, gastric and thoracic pressure and transdiaphragmatic gradient pressure. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Nicotinamide(Niacinamide).html buy Nicotinamide] RESULTS Univariate analysis showed in pressurized waves before swallow higher thoracic, UES and LES basal pressure, longer LES length and decrease in LES retention pressure; during swallow higher thoracic, gastric and UES pressure, higher UES and LES relaxation pressure and after swallow higher thoracic and gastric pressure.