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Few studies have examined the effect of low-grade intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on the white matter in the cerebellum and its association with neurodevelopment. We evaluated cerebellar white matter at term-equivalent age (TEA) in preterm infants with low-grade IVH. Furthermore, we assessed neurodevelopmental outcomes at three years of age to examine the influence of low-grade IVH on neurodevelopment.<br /><br /> Thirteen infants with low-grade IVH and 26 without IVH, born at &lt;30 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA), were enrolled in this study. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters, including fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the middle and superior cerebellar peduncles (SCP), were measured. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gw3965.html GW3965] Neurodevelopmental outcomes at three years of age were assessed and the correlation between DTI parameters and developmental quotient (DQ) was analyzed.<br /><br /> Preterm infants with IVH showed lower FA values (p&lt;0.01) and higher ADC values (p&lt;0.05) in the SCP at TEA than the no-IVH group. Lower Postural-Motor and Cognitive-Adaptive DQ at three years of age were observed in the IVH compared to the no-IVH group. A significant correlation between the FA values in the SCP at TEA and the Posture-Motor DQ was observed at three years of age (p=0.043, r=0.50).<br /><br /> These data suggest that low-grade IVH in preterm infants affects the SCP at TEA, and that impaired cerebellar white matter correlates with poor motor development at three years of age.<br /><br />These data suggest that low-grade IVH in preterm infants affects the SCP at TEA, and that impaired cerebellar white matter correlates with poor motor development at three years of age.This study extended earlier research on stimulus preference (SP) and reinforcer efficacy (RE) using the behavioral economic concept of elasticity. The elasticity of demand for different items can be used to simultaneously compare RE across stimuli and schedules of reinforcement. Highly preferred stimuli were identified via SP assessments and evaluated using progressive-ratio reinforcer assessments. Reinforcers were then evaluated across the ranges of elasticity in individual reinforcer evaluations. Results indicated that schedules associated with the ranges of elasticity (e.g., inelastic vs. elastic) corresponded with rates of the targeted behavior (i.e., work) and these trends were consistent with behavioral economic predictions. These findings encourage further inquiry and replication of operant demand methods to identify potential boundary conditions for stimuli identified using SP assessments. Discussion is provided regarding the efficiency of reinforcer assessment and the utility of schedules found to exist in the elastic and inelastic ranges.<br /><br /> Eyebrows are an important esthetic feature of the face. In cosmetic surgery, knowledge about the patient's preference of eyebrow apex position is important to achieve agreeable esthetic results.<br /><br /> To study the preference of eyebrow apex positions on the different facial shapes in the Malaysian population.<br /><br /> A frontal view photograph of a female model was morphed into oval, square, round, and long facial shapes. Four types of brow apex were created on each facial shape, A. above the midpupil (A-MP), B. above the lateral limbus (A-LL), C. halfway between the lateral limbus and lateral canthus (A-HF) and D. above the lateral canthus (A-LC). Out of the four brow apexes, the respondent selected one esthetically appealing brow apex for each facial shape. A total of 441 Malaysians completed the survey questionnaire. Differences in preference between the ethnic groups were analyzed by the chi-square test.<br /><br /> The majority of Malaysian Chinese (MC) and Malaysian Indians (MI) subjects found A-LL as attractive on the oval (MC-73%, MI-52%), square (MC-42%, MI-42%), round (MC-45%, MI-40%) and long (MC-39%, MI-44%) shape, but the Malaysian Malays preferred more the A-HF on long (42%) and round (42%) face. While the Malaysian Indians least preferred the A-MP on the oval (4%), square (5%), round (6%), and long (5%). A significant difference in preference of apex position was observed between MC versus MI and MC versus MM in both oval and square faces. On the round face, the difference was noted between all the ethnic groups. However, on the long face, a significant difference was noted only between MI and MM.<br /><br /> Significant interethnic differences exist in the preference of eyebrow apex position on the facial shapes.<br /><br />Significant interethnic differences exist in the preference of eyebrow apex position on the facial shapes.<br /><br /> Real-world data for treatment effectiveness and renal outcomes in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients who were switched to the new and safer prodrug tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) are limited. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate treatment and renal outcomes of this population.<br /><br /> We analyzed 834 patients with CHB previously treated with TDF for ≥12months who were switched to TAF in routine practice at 13 US and Asian centers for changes in viral (HBV DNA&lt;20IU/mL), biochemical (alanine aminotransferase [ALT]&lt;35/25U/L for male/female), and complete (viral+biochemical) responses, as well as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; milliliters per minute per 1.73 square meters) up to 96weeks after switch. Viral suppression (P&lt;0.001) and ALT normalization (P=0.003) rates increased significantly after switch, with a trend for increasing complete response (P<br /><br /> = 0.004), while the eGFR trend (P<br /><br /> &gt;0.44) or mean eGFR (P&gt;0.83, adjusted for age, sex, baseline eGFR, and diabetes, hypertension, or cirrhosis by generalized linear modeling) remained stable. However, among those with baseline eGFR&lt;90 (chronic kidney disease [CKD] stage ≥2), mean eGFR decreased significantly while on TDF (P=0.029) but not after TAF switch (P=0.90). By week 96, 21% (55/267) of patients with CKD stage 2 at switch improved to stage 1 and 35% (30/85) of CKD stage 3-5 patients improved to stage 2 and 1.2% (1/85) to stage 1.<br /><br /> Overall, we observed continued improvement in virologic response, ALT normalization, and no significant changes in eGFR following switch to TAF from TDF.<br /><br />Overall, we observed continued improvement in virologic response, ALT normalization, and no significant changes in eGFR following switch to TAF from TDF.