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Neuromelanin (NM) is a dark pigment that mainly exists in neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). In Parkinson disease (PD) patients, NM concentration decreases gradually with degeneration and necrosis of dopamine neurons, suggesting potential use as a PD biomarker. We aimed to evaluate associations between NM concentration in in vivo SN and PD progression and different motor subtypes using NM magnetic resonance imaging (NM-MRI). Fifty-four patients with idiopathic PD were enrolled. Patients were divided into groups by subtypes with different clinical symptoms tremor dominant (TD) group and postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) group. Fifteen healthy age-matched volunteers were enrolled as controls. All subjects underwent clinical assessment and NM-MRI examination. PD patients showed significantly decreased contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values in medial and lateral SN (P  less then  0.05) compared to controls. CNR values in lateral SN region decreased linearly with PD progression (P = 0.001). PIGD patients showed significant decreases in CNR mean values in lateral SN compared to TD patients (P = 0.004). Diagnostic accuracy of using lateral substantia nigra (SN) in TD and PIGD groups was 79% (sensitivity 76.5%, specificity 78.6%). NM concentration in PD patients decreases gradually during disease progression and differs significantly between PD subtypes. NM may be a reliable biomarker for PD severity and subtype identification.<br /><br /> It is essential to exclude a periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) prior to revision surgery. It is recommended to routinely aspirate the joint before surgery. However, this may not be necessary in a subgroup of patients. The aim of our study was to investigate if specific clinical and implant characteristics could be identified to rule out a PJI prior to revision surgery.<br /><br /> We retrospectively evaluated clinical and implant characteristics of patients who underwent a hip or knee revision surgery between October 2015 and October 2018. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pifithrin-alpha.html find more] Patients were diagnosed with a PJI according to the MSIS diagnostic criteria.<br /><br /> A total of 156 patients were analyzed, including 107 implants that were revised because of prosthetic loosening and 49 because of mechanical failure (i.e. instability, malalignment or malpositioning). No PJI was diagnosed in the group with mechanical failure. In the prosthetic loosening group, 20 of 107 were diagnosed with a PJI (19%). Although there was a significantly lower chance of having a PJI with an implant age of &gt; 5years combined with a CRP &lt; 5mg/L, an infection was still present in 3 out of 39 cases (8%).<br /><br /> Implants with solely mechanical failure without signs of loosening and low inflammatory parameters probably do not require a synovial fluid aspiration. These results need to be confirmed in a larger cohort of patients. In case of prosthetic loosening, all joints need to be aspirated before surgery as no specific characteristic could be identified to rule out an infection.<br /><br />Implants with solely mechanical failure without signs of loosening and low inflammatory parameters probably do not require a synovial fluid aspiration. These results need to be confirmed in a larger cohort of patients. In case of prosthetic loosening, all joints need to be aspirated before surgery as no specific characteristic could be identified to rule out an infection.<br /><br /> We summarize recent genome editing studies that have focused on the examination (or reexamination) of plant architectural phenotypes in cereals and the modification of these traits for crop improvement. Plant architecture is defined as the three-dimensional organization of the entire plant. Shoot architecture refers to the structure and organization of the aboveground components of a plant, reflecting the developmental patterning of stems, branches, leaves and inflorescences/flowers. Root system architecture is essentially determined by four major shape parameters-growth, branching, surface area and angle. Interest in plant architecture has arisen from the profound impact of many architectural traits on agronomic performance, and the genetic and hormonal regulation of these traits which makes them sensitive to both selective breeding and agronomic practices. This is particularly important in staple crops, and a large body of literature has, therefore, accumulated on the control of architectural phenotypes i molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of tiller/axillary branching, stem height, leaf and flower development, root architecture and the grain characteristics that ultimately help to determine yield. The advent of genome editing has made it possible, for the first time, to introduce precise mutations into cereal crops to optimize their architecture and close in on the concept of the ideotype. In this review, we consider recent genome editing studies that have focused on the examination (or reexamination) of plant architectural phenotypes in cereals and the modification of these traits for crop improvement.<br /><br /> Endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H<br /><br /> O<br /><br /> ) is involved in regulating the gibberellic acid-induced programmed cell death (PCD) of the aleurone layers by cooperating with OsVPE3 during rice seed germination. Preliminary experiments revealed that H<br /><br /> O<br /><br /> produced by the NOX pathway is the key factor affecting rice germination. Histochemical analysis indicated that H<br /><br /> O<br /><br /> is located in the aleurone layer. Both the H<br /><br /> O<br /><br /> scavenger DMTU and the NOX inhibitor DPI decreased H<br /><br /> O<br /><br /> content and significantly slowed down vacuolation in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, DMTU down-regulated the OsNOX8 transcript or DMTU and DPI decreased the intracellular H<br /><br /> O<br /><br /> level, resulting in a delay of PCD. In contrast, GA and H<br /><br /> O<br /><br /> up-regulated the OsNOX8 transcript and intracellular H<br /><br /> O<br /><br /> level, leading to premature PCD, and the effects of GA and H<br /><br /> O<br /><br /> were reversed by DMTU and DPI, respectively. These results showed that the imbalance of intracellular H<br /><br /> O<br /><br /> levels leads to the delayed or premature PCD. Further experimentsates PCD by promoting H2O2 generation. Meanwhile, DPI significantly inhibited the OsVPE3 transcript and VPE activity, and in turn delayed PCD occurrence, suggesting that the H2O2 produced by the NOX pathway may regulate PCD by up-regulating the OsVPE3 transcript. Thus, the endogenous H2O2 produced by the NOX pathway mediates the GA-induced PCD of rice aleurone layers by interacting with OsVPE3.