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Methanol is one of the most widely produced organic substrates from syngas and can serve as a bio-feedstock to cultivate acetogenic bacteria which allows a major contribution to reducing greenhouse gas. Acetobacterium woodii is one of the very few acetogens that can utilize methanol to produce acetate as sole product. Since A. woodii is genetically tractable, it is an interesting candidate to introduce recombinant pathways for production of bio-commodities from methanol. In this study, we introduced the butyrate production operon from a related acetogen, Eubacterium callanderi KIST612, into A. woodii and show a stable production of butyrate from methanol. This study also reveals how butyrate production by recombinant A. woodii strains can be enhanced with addition of electrons in the form of carbon monoxide. Our results not only show a stable expression system of non-native enzymes in A. woodii but also increase in the product spectrum of A. woodii to compounds with higher economic value.<br /><br /> Understanding of the atrial fibrillation (AF) driven by right atrial appendage (RAA) is limited. This study aimed to understand the characteristics of the AF driven by RAA and explore ablation methods.<br /><br /> This was a retrospective study and patients who were identified as having the AF driven by RAA were reviewed. Ablation was performed during AF. Potential maps of the left and right atrium, electrophysiological examinations, and ablation methods were studied.<br /><br /> Among the 20 identified patients (mean age 67.0 ± 11.2years; ejection fraction 62.9 ± 6.0%; LA diameter 43.1 ± 4.9mm; RA diameter 51.7 ± 8.3 × 42.9 ± 3.7mm), the AF cycle length in RAA (134.0 ± 10.9ms) was the shortest, and the fastest frequency potentials were located in the RAA in 65% of patients. For the left atrium, the AF cycle length of the roof (145.5 ± 14.9ms) was the shortest, followed by the left atrial appendage (153.7 ± 17.1ms) and bottom (154.8 ± 11.8ms). High-frequency potentials of RAA could be rapidly conducted to left atrium via sagittal bundle and Bachmann's bundle, and the conduction time (55.0 ± 5.0ms) was significantly shorter than the mean bi-atrial activation time (176.7 ± 10.3ms, P &lt; 0.0001). AF could be terminated after ablation at the RAA base (17 patients) or mechanical stimulation within the RAA (3 patients). To date, only two patients had recurrent atrial flutter, while the remaining patients maintained sinus rhythm.<br /><br /> The AF driven by RAAis characterized by high-frequency potentials in RAA, and ablation at the RAA base can achieve a satisfactory therapeutic effect.<br /><br />The AF driven by RAA is characterized by high-frequency potentials in RAA, and ablation at the RAA base can achieve a satisfactory therapeutic effect.Junction epithelium (JE) is located apical to the bottom of the gingival sulcus and binds enamel to hemidesmosomes to protect the periodontal tissue from bacterial infection. Function of odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM) is suggested by its expression sites (JE and maturation stage ameloblasts) to be involved in the adhesion between the JE and enamel, and odontogenesis. To analyze the changes in ODAM gene and protein expressions in inflamed gingiva, Ca9-22 gingival epithelial cells were stimulated with 1 ng/ml interleukin-1β (IL-1β) for 3-24 h, and ODAM mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Luciferase (LUC) constructs were made ligating various lengths of human ODAM gene promoters and performed LUC analyses in Ca9-22 cells. Gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed. IL-1β induced ODAM mRNA and protein levels at 6-24 h. IL-1β increased LUC activities of the ODAM gene promoter constructs from - 85 to - 950. These activities were blocked by protein kinase A, tyrosine kinase, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors. Gel shift and ChIP assays showed that IL-1β induced CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) β and Yin Yang1 (YY1) binding to C/EBP1, 2, 3, and YY1 elements. These data indicate that IL-1β stimulates ODAM gene transcription mediated through C/EBP1, C/EBP2, C/EBP3, and YY1 elements in the human ODAM gene promoter.With advances in technologic approaches in patients with cirrhosis, including the improvement of management, a simple, one-step approach for advanced fibrotic state of the liver is clinically useful. Although refining the diagnosis of cirrhosis to reflect disease heterogeneity is essential, current diagnostic tests have not kept pace with the progression of this new paradigm. There are unmet needs in primary care centers with respect to patients with cirrhosis. Liver biopsy and measurement of hepatic venous pressure gradient in patients with cirrhosis are the gold standards for the estimation of hepatic fibrosis, and they have diagnostic and prognostic value. However, both approaches are invasive and cannot be used repeatedly in clinical practice. Ultrasonography (US) is safe, easy to perform, inexpensive, and yields numerical and accurate results. Conventionally, the size of the liver and spleen, bluntness of the liver edge, nodularity of the liver surface, and coarseness of the liver parenchyma have been known as useful parameters for hepatic fibrosis or portal hypertension (PHT) in chronic liver disease. Additionally, some functional US indices including Doppler and CEUS-based examination have been suggested as promising markers for diagnosing cirrhosis and PHT. Identification of the reproducibility and long-term prognostic value through further investigations can demonstrate the clinical usefulness of functional US indices, which are characterized as quantitative parameters for hepatic fibrosis and PHT.<br /><br /> DSH-20, the active ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza flower extract, is used to treat cardiovascular diseases. However, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the intervention of DSH-20 in H<br /><br /> O<br /><br /> -induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ezm0414.html EZM0414 mw] METHODS ANDRESULTS H<br /><br /> O<br /><br /> was used to induce oxidative damage and apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Based on concentration gradient studies, we found that 62.5µg/mL DSH-20 significantly reduced reactive oxygen species and lactate dehydrogenase levels and increased superoxide dismutase levels. DSH-20 also alleviated the apoptosis rate, the changes in mRNA of apoptosis-related genes (Bcl-2, BAX, and Caspase-3) and miR-1 expression. Moreover, transfection of miR-1 mimics aggravated oxidative damage and apoptosis, whereas DSH-20 alleviated these effects.<br /><br /> DSH-20 reduced H<br /><br /> O<br /><br /> -induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes likely by downregulating miR-1 expression.<br /><br />DSH-20 reduced H2O2-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes likely by downregulating miR-1 expression.<br /><br /> Oxidative stress in the intervertebral disc leads to nucleus pulposus (NP) degeneration by inducing cell apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Increasing evidence indicates that GSK-3β is related to cell apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. In this study, we explored whether GSK-3β inhibition protects human NP cell against apoptosis under oxidative stress.<br /><br /> Immunofluorescence staining was used to show the expression of GSK-3β in human NP cells (NPCs). Flow cytometry, mitochondrial staining and western blot (WB) were used to detect apoptosis of treated NPCs, changes of mitochondrial membrane potential and the expression of mitochondrial apoptosis-related proteins using GSK-3β specific inhibitor SB216763. Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP)was used to demonstrate the interaction between GSK-3β and Bcl-2. We delineated the protective effect of GSK-3β specific inhibitor SB216763 on human NPCs apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in vitro. Further, we showed SB216763NPCs may be a favorable therapeutic strategy to slow intervertebral disc degeneration.Grade 3, type 3 gastric neuroendocrine tumor (g-NET) shows specific features of clinical interest and the therapeutic management of the lesion is not yet completely standardized. We present the unusual case of a 34-year-old male patient with a diminutive (less than 0.5 cm), well-differentiated, G3, type 3g-NET with extremely high Ki-67 index (higher than 80%). The lesion was subsequently removed en bloc via endoscopic submucosal dissection. Regarding the proliferation rate, Ki-67 index values usually range from 21 to 50%, and less commonly above 55%, in G3 NET. To our knowledge, this lesion represents a small size with the highest Ki-67 index diagnosed with G3 g-NET. However, as g-NET might recur even after a long duration, we recommend a long-term follow-up, such as 10 years after complete resection in patients to evaluate the endoscopic resection approach.Numerical discrimination is widespread in vertebrates, but this capacity varies enormously between the different species examined. The guppy (Poecilia reticulata), the only teleost examined following procedures that allow a comparison with the other vertebrates, outperforms amphibians, reptiles and many warm-blooded vertebrates, but it is unclear whether this is a feature shared with the other teleosts or represents a peculiarity of this species. We trained zebrafish (Danio rerio) to discriminate between numbers differing by one unit, varying task difficulty from 2 versus 3 to 5 versus 6 items. Non-numerical variables that covary with number, such as density or area, did not affect performance. Most fish reached learning criterion on all tasks up to 4 versus 5 discrimination with no sex difference in accuracy. Although no individual reached learning criterion in the 5 versus 6 task, performance was significant at the group level, suggesting that this may represent the discrimination threshold for zebrafish. Numerosity discrimination abilities of zebrafish compare to those of guppy, being higher than in some warm-blooded vertebrates, such as dogs, horses and domestic fowl, though lower than in parrots, corvids and primates. Learning rate was similar in a control group trained to discriminate between different-sized shapes, but zebrafish were slightly more accurate when discriminating areas than numbers and males were more accurate than females. At the end of the experiment, fish trained on numbers and controls trained on areas generalized to the reciprocal set of stimuli, indicating they had used a relational strategy to solve these tasks.Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare disease without a known incidence or prevalence in adults. Our knowledge of this entity is limited as there is no prospective or retrospective study with a reasonable number of patients. The objective is to describe the demographics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of adult patients with IPH. The Medline and Embase databases were searched from inception to 2021 with appropriate search formulas to identify relevant articles following strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analyses were performed for the entire cohort and prespecified subgroups. A total of 84 patients were identified. The majority of patients were males 54/84 (64.3%). The median age was 27 years. The manifesting symptoms were present in the following frequencies anemia 76/83 (91.6%), dyspnea 71/83 (85.5%), hemoptysis 70/84 (83.3%), cough 22/84 (26.2%), and chest pain 9/84 (10.7%). The classic triad was present in 61/84 (79%) patients. The mean hemoglobin during the initial presentation was 8.