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This work demonstrates the feasibility of identifying genes involved in activity-dependent synaptic remodeling in Drosophila, and also provides unexpected insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in cholesterol metabolism and biosynthesis of the insect molting hormone ecdysone.Recognition of self-incompatibility (SI) is regulated by the SRK and SP11 genes in Brassicaceae. Brassica rapa and B. oleracea are self-incompatible, while most cultivated species of B. napus, which arose from hybridization between B. rapa and B. oleracea, are self-compatible. Various studies of the SRK and SP11 genes in self-compatible B. napus have been reported, but details of the mechanism in different B. napus lines are not fully understood. In this study, we confirmed the S haplotypes, SI phenotypes and SP11 expression in 10 representative lines of B. napus, and identified two SI lines (N110 and N343) lacking SP11 expression. In N343 (with BnS1 and BnS6 haplotypes), we confirmed that there is a 3.6-kb insertion in the promoter region of BnSP11-1, and that BnSP11-1 and BnSP11-6 are not expressed, as reported previously (expression of BnSP11-6 is suppressed by the BnS1 haplotype), although this line is self-incompatible. Similarly, in N110, with two novel S haplotypes (BnS8 and BnS9) in addition to BnS6, a 4.3-kb insertion was identified in the promoter region of BnSP11-9, and expression levels of BnSP11-6, BnSP11-8 and BnSP11-9 were all suppressed (BnSP11-6 and BnSP11-8 may be suppressed by BnS8 and BnS9, respectively), although the phenotype was self-incompatible. This observation of an SI phenotype without SP11 expression suggests the existence of unknown factor(s) that induce pollen-stigma incompatibility in B. napus.9,10-Phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PQ) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon quinone contaminated in diesel exhaust particles and particulate matter 2.5. It is an efficient electron acceptor that induces redox cycling with electron donors, resulting in excessive reactive oxygen species and oxidized protein production in cells. The current study examined whether 9,10-PQ could activate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in A431 cells through S-oxidation of its negative regulators such as protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B. 9,10-PQ oxidized recombinant human PTP1B at Cys215 and inhibited its catalytic activity, an effect that was blocked by catalase (CAT), whereas cis-9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (DDP), which lacks redox cycling activity, had no effect on PTP1B activity. Exposure of A431 cells to 9,10-PQ, but not DDP, activated signaling through EGFR and its downstream extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), coupled with a decrease of cellular PTP activity. Immunoprecipitation and UPLC-MSE revealed that PTP1B easily undergoes oxidation during exposure of A431 cells to 9,10-PQ. Pretreatment with polyethylene glycol conjugated with CAT (PEG-CAT) abolished 9,10-PQ-generated H2O2 production and significantly blocked the activation of EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling by 9,10-PQ, indicating the involvement of H2O2 in the activation because scavenging agents for hydroxyl radicals had no effect on the redox signal activation. These results suggest that such an air pollutant producing H2O2, activates EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling, presumably through the S-oxidation of PTPs such as PTP1B, and activation of the signal cascade may contribute, at least in part, to cellular responses in A431 cells.The metabolomic profiles of rat primary hepatocytes following treatment with rotenone, FCCP, or (+)-usnic acid were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Significant and similar changes in the levels of 283 biochemical metabolites were associated with the three treatments compared with solvent control samples. Overall, the three treatments generated similar global biochemical profiles, with some minor differences associated with rotenone treatment. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/4sc-202.html selleck compound] All three treatments resulted in a shift in energy metabolism as demonstrated by decreased glycogen stores and glycolysis. A reduced antioxidant response was detected in cells following all treatments. In addition, bile acid biosynthesis decreased as a potential consequence of increased oxidative stress by all three treatments. Conversely, rotenone treatment induced a number of changes after 1 hr, which were not detected in FCCP- or (+)-usnic acid-treated samples; these changes were not sustained over time and included increased NAD+ salvage and lysine degradation. In conclusion, these biochemical profiles could provide new insights into the mechanism(s) of mitochondrial toxicity.Hydrolyzed wheat proteins (HWPs) contained in cosmetics have occasionally caused immediate-type hypersensitivity following repeated skin exposure. Although the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded that less then 3,500 Da HWP is safe for use in cosmetics, it remains biologically unknown how allergenic HWPs evoke immediate-type allergy percutaneously. Keratinocyte-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) induces type 2 immune responses, which play an essential role in the pathogenesis of immediate-type allergy. Previously, we demonstrated that protein allergens in cultured human keratinocytes strongly induced long-form TSLP (loTSLP) transcription. However loTSLP-regulating signaling by HWP is poorly understood. In this study, we performed global gene expression analysis by microarray to investigate how the allergenic HWP acts on epidermal keratinocytes and the induction of loTSLP. Compared to human serum albumin (HSA), allergenic HWP induced a distinct gene expression pattern and preferentially activated various inflammatory pathways (High Mobility Group Box 1, Interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, and acute phase response signaling). We identified 85 genes as potential nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) target genes in GP19S-treated cells, compared with 29 such genes in HSA-treated cells. In addition, HWP specifically altered IL-17 signaling pathways in which transcription factors, NF-κB and activator protein-1, were activated. NF-κB signaling may be an important factor for HWP-induced inflammatory loTSLP transcription via inhibition assay. In conclusion, allergenic HWP caused an easily sensitizable milieu of activated inflammatory pathways and induced NF-κB-dependent loTSLP transcription in keratinocytes.