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05), mostly by reducing the dominance of a single species, as observed in the watered plots. In a phylogenetic context, some fungal taxa were favored by changes in temperature (Hypocreales) and drought (Sordariales) or disadvantaged by both (Pleosporales). It is worth highlighting that a water deficit increased the abundance of phytopathogenic fungi, such as Curvularia, Thielavia, and Fusarium species. Overall, our results provide evidence that fungal communities in tropical grassland soils have greater sensitivity to drought than to temperature, which might increase the incidence of certain soil-borne diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.DLQI-Relevant (DLQI-R) is a recently developed scoring modification of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) that improved convergent validity, discriminatory power and responsiveness of the questionnaire. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Intelectin (ITLN) is a new type of glycan-binding lectin. It has been demonstrated to agglutinate bacteria probably due to its carbohydrate-binding capacity, suggesting its role in an innate immune response. It is involved not only in many physiological processes but also in some human diseases such as asthma, heart disease, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer. Up to now, intelectin orthologs have been identified in placozoans, urochordatas, cephalochordates and several vertebrates, such as cyclostomata, fish, amphibians and mammals. Although the sequences of intelectins in different species are conserved, their expression patterns, quaternary structures and functions differ considerably among and within species. We summarize the evolution of the intelectin gene family, the tissue distribution, structure and functions of intelectins. We conclude that intelectin plays a role in innate immune response and there are still potential functions of intelectin awaiting discovery. © 2020 The Scandinavian Foundation for Immunology.AIMS The prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) in the developing world varies widely. Factors influencing prevalence rates are a key area of interest, and knowledge of these would provide appropriate planning for preventive primary and secondary health care programs. The objective of this report was to synthesize the best available evidence to determine UI prevalence rates in adult women in a population setting. METHODS A comprehensive search strategy was employed to find published and unpublished studies. Databases searched included PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We used the standardized Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics, Assessment, and Review Instrument to appraise the included studies. RESULTS In total, 54 studies with 138,722 women aged 10 to 90 years were included in this meta-analysis. Prevalence of UI ranged from 2.8% in Nigeria to 57.7% in Iran. The total prevalence of UI was 25.7% (95% CI 22.3-29.5) and the prevalence rates for stress, urgency, and mixed UI were 12.6% (95% CI 10.3-15.4), 5.3% (95% CI 3.4-8.3), and 9.1% (95% CI 7.0-11.8), respectively. When we excluded the elderly population, UI prevalence only slightly changed (26.2%; 95% CI 22.6-30.2). Prevalence rates varied considerably during different recall periods, ranging from 15.6% for UI during the last 12 months to 41.2% for UI during the last 3 months. However, the study quality and use of validated vs nonvalidated questionnaires only had a minor impact on the prevalence rates. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence, methodology, and definition of UI vary widely. A large-scale multinational study with a homogeneous methodology is necessary to correctly calculate and compare the prevalence rates to improve health policies in the developing world. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.AIMS Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) therapy for overactive bladder (OAB) has proven long-term safety and efficacy. Historically, the only commercially available SNM device was nonrechargeable requiring replacement surgery due to battery depletion. The Axonics System is the first rechargeable SNM device and is qualified to last a minimum of 15 years in the body. The study objective was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this rechargeable SNM system. This study reports 2-year outcomes. METHODS A total of 51 subjects were implanted with the Axonics System in a single nonstaged procedure. Subjects had OAB, confirmed on a 3-day voiding diary (≥8 voids/day and/or ≥2 incontinence episodes over 72 hours). Test Responders were defined as subjects that were responders at 1 month postimplant. The efficacy analysis included therapy responder rates, change in the quality of life, and subject satisfaction reported in Test Responders (n = 30) and all implanted subjects (n = 37) that completed the follow-up visits. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/toyocamycin.html Toyocamycin clinical trial] Adverse events (AEs) are reported in all implanted subjects. RESULTS At 2 years, 90% of the Test Responders continued to respond to the therapy based on voiding diary criteria. Satisfaction with therapy was reported by 93% of subjects and 86% found their charging experience acceptable. Of the urinary incontinence Test Responders, 88% continued to be responders at 2 years, and 28% were completely dry. There were no unanticipated (AEs) or serious device-related AEs. CONCLUSIONS The Axonics System® provides sustained clinically meaningful improvements in OAB subjects at 2 years. There were no serious device-related AEs. Subjects reported continued satisfaction with their therapy. © 2020 The Authors. Neurourology and Urodynamics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Literature and clinical practice around adult-onset hearing loss (HL) has traditionally focused on environmental risk factors, including noise exposure, ototoxic drug exposure, and cardiovascular disease. The most common diagnosis in adult-onset HL is presbycusis. However, the age of onset of presbycusis varies, and patients often describe family history of HL as well as individual variation in progression and severity. In recent years, there has been accumulating evidence of gene-environment interactions underlying adult cases of HL. Susceptibility loci for age-related HL have been identified, and genes related to postlingual nonsyndromic HL continue to be discovered through individual reports and genome-wide association studies. This review will outline main concepts in genetics as related to HL, identify implicated genes, and discuss clinical implications. Laryngoscope, 2020. © 2020 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.