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Also, emerging roles of mtDNA damage in mutagenesis and immune responses are reviewed.Helicobacter pylori (H. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/srpin340.html SRPIN340 in vitro] pylori) eradication by antibiotics and proton pump inhibitor treatment is limited by the low pH microenvironment in the stomach and can lead to antibiotic resistance. We fabricated fullerenol nanoparticles (FNPs) with varied chemical structures responding to a pinacol rearrangement of vicinal hydroxyl to form carbonyls in low pH environments. An obvious increase in C═O/C-O was induced in low pH and was positively correlated with a peroxidase-like activity. The FNPs exerted an excellent effect on H. pylori eradication in vitro and in vivo because of their peroxidase-like activity. FNP treatment of a H. pylori biofilm revealed that FNPs broke down polysaccharides in cell wall components, resulting in collapse of the bacteria. The cycles of FNPs combining and dissociating with the peroxidase substrate were detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and confirmed that FNPs enhance peroxidase-like activity. Further, the isothermal titration calorimetry results showed that FNPs with more C═O/C-O had greater affinity to bind the peroxidase substrates. Therefore, we suggest that varied C═O/C-O serves as a switch to respond to low pH in the stomach to kill H. pylori by inducing a peroxidase-like activity. FNPs can also overcome the challenge of antibiotic resistance to achieve H. pylori eradication in the stomach.While phenols are frequent and convenient aryl sources in cross-coupling, typically as sulfonate esters, the direct cross-Ullmann coupling of two different sulfonate esters is unknown. We report here a general solution to this challenge catalyzed by a combination of Ni and Pd with Zn reductant and LiBr as an additive. The reaction has broad scope, as demonstrated in 33 examples (65% ± 11% average yield). Mechanistic studies show that Pd strongly prefers the aryl triflate, the Ni catalyst has a small preference for the aryl tosylate, aryl transfer between catalysts is mediated by Zn, and Pd improves yields by consuming arylzinc intermediates.A highly regioselective and stereospecific rhodium-catalyzed cyanomethylation of tertiary allylic carbonates for the construction of acyclic β-quaternary stereogenic nitriles is described. This protocol represents the first example of a metal-catalyzed allylic substitution reaction using a triorganosilyl-stabilized acetonitrile anion, which permits access to several carbonyl derivatives that are challenging to prepare using conventional pronucleophiles. The synthetic utility of the stereospecific cyanomethylation is further exemplified through the construction of an intermediate utilized in the total synthesis of both (-)-epilaurene and (-)-α-cuparenone.Background Catheter ablation is an effective treatment for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Despite increasing availability of the procedure, current treatment patterns of invasive AF treatment in Poland are unknown. Aim The aim of the study was to assess contemporary AF ablation approaches in Poland, such as target population, patients' characteristics, ablation techniques, procedural results and complication rates. Methods The survey with 36 questions was conducted among 38 representatives of Polish EP centers performing AF catheter ablation to test the methods and outcomes in their labs. Results The survey was conducted among 38 out of 69 polish electrophysiology centers performing AF ablation. There were 88 ablation laboratories in 2018 in Poland. They have performed 16566 ablation procedures, of which 6680 were AF ablations, according to National Health Fund data. Therefore, 3745 AF ablations analyzed in this manuscript constituted 22.6% of all ablation and 56.0% of AF ablation performed in Poland in 2018. Paroxysmal AF was the most common type of AF in all surveyed centers. In 69% of the centers the preferred method was cryoballoon ablation (CBA), in 31% radiofrequency point-by-point circumferential pulmonary vein isolation. The reported complication rate was low (6.4%), with the localized adverse events as the most often ones. The mean reported incidence of atrial flutter/tachycardia after ablation was low (5%). Repeated procedures were performed mainly with radiofrequency ablation (89%). Procedural techniques, and the venous access used did not vary between the centers. Conclusions Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was the most common indication to percutaneous ablation of that arrhythmia in Polish electrophysiologic laboratories. The preferred method was CBA.Background Over the last years aortic valve repair has evolved from being a random and irreproducible procedure to a standardized technique yielding durable long-term results. Aims Long-term outcome of aortic valve repair and aortic valve sparing procedures. Methods We analyzed the outcomes of all consecutive patients who underwent aortic valve repair and/or aortic valve sparing root replacement till the end of 2019. We assessed mortality, freedom from reoperation and freedom from at least moderate aortic valve regurgitation. Results A total of 504 patients underwent aortic valve repair and/or aortic valve sparing root replacement over 17 years period, including 452 (89.7%) elective and 52 (10.3%) emergency surgeries for acute type A aortic dissections. Median age was 59 years (IQR 35;66), 72.4% were male. Median follow-up time was 35 months. Estimated 5-year survival was 83%, and 10-year survival was 73%. In 452 patients after elective surgery the estimated actuarial 5-year and 10-year survival was 86% and 75%, respectively. In patients after emergency surgery for acute type A aortic actuarial 5-year survival was 62%, and 10-year survival was 62%. Estimated 5- and 10-year freedom from reoperation was 96% and 87%, respectively. The comparison of both subgroups did not reveal significant differences (P = 0.42). Freedom from at least moderate aortic valve regurgitation was confirmed in 86.6% of patients. Conclusions Aortic valve repair is a durable and effective surgical procedure associated with low early and late mortality. Aortic valve reconstruction in patients with acute type A aortic dissection yields good long-term results.