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Animal-inflicted injuries continue to be a major health problem worldwide. In developing countries, the outcome of such injuries, especially in children may be poor.<br /><br /> The study aimed to evaluate the diversity of spectrum and management of animal-inflicted injuries in the pediatric age group.<br /><br /> This was a prospective study on animal-inflicted injuries in children between 1 to 15 years of age over a period of 12 months. Data on various parameters such as age and sex, animal species involved, provoked/unprovoked, mechanism of injury, time of injury, prehospital care, injury-arrival interval, pattern and type of injury, trauma score, body region injured, treatment given and complications were collected and analyzed.<br /><br /> Fifty-two children with animal-inflicted injuries were included, constituting &lt;1% of all trauma cases seen during the study period (malefemale = 21). The mean age of the cohort was 9.65 years. Domestic animals were responsible in 41 children (78.84%) and wild animals in 11 children (21.16%). D Severe injuries require extensive resuscitation and expert surgical care. Mild injuries can be managed conservatively with the use of proper dressings, antibiotics, and analgesics.<br /><br /> Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV) are the most common cause of congenital LUT obstruction in males. Biomarkers of glomerular or tubular injury may be of particular value in predicting the need for surgical intervention or in tracing progression of chronic kidney disease. Measurement of biomarker in urine is relatively easy.<br /><br /> To evaluate the changes in values of urinary Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1(TGF-B1) and Monocyte Chemotactic Protein (MCP-1) before and after valve ablation and its prognostic value in Posterior urethral valve.<br /><br /> This prospective study was conducted from September 2016 to August 2018. The study group included 20 consecutive male babies with the diagnosis of PUV treated and followed up versus equal numbers of age matched control without any renal or urinary tract disease. Pre-operative urine samples were collected in Operative room. Cystoscopy and valve ablation was done. Follow up was done clinically by urinary stream and radiologically with VCUG. Follow-up was planned at 1 month, 3 mg/ml (79.9-386.4). There was no statistically significant change in TGF-B1 level at preoperative to 1 month and preop to 3 months after surgery but at 6 months after surgery the median TGF-B1 level significantly decreased as compared with preoperative TGF-B1 level.<br /><br /> TGF β1 and MCP1 can be considered as prognostic urinary biomarkers in patients of PUV and can be used to specify and counsel patient's attendant regarding possibility of ESRD and need for further intervention.<br /><br />TGF β1 and MCP1 can be considered as prognostic urinary biomarkers in patients of PUV and can be used to specify and counsel patient's attendant regarding possibility of ESRD and need for further intervention.<br /><br /> Choledochal cyst is a fairly common hepatobiliary condition in pediatric surgical practice. For the most common type (type I), it is well established that the total excision of the cyst with an wide biliary-enteric anastomosis is key for long-term good result. Multiple options remain for biliary-enteric reconstruction after excision. Jejunal interposition loop reconstruction is thought to be the most physiologic.<br /><br /> We have retrospectively reviewed the data of patients of type I choledochal cysts which were operated between January 2010 and September 2018 and undergone jejunal interposition loop reconstruction. Clinical presentation, investigations, operative procedure morbidity and complications were reviewed.<br /><br /> There were 33 patients, with a male-to-female ratio of 13 and a mean age of 4.63 years (mean ± standard deviation [SD] = 4.63 ± 2.98 years). [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bay-k-8644.html Bay K 8644 concentration] The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 81 months (mean ± SD = 36.30 ± 19.24 months). There was no stricture or cholangitis. Reoperation required in one due to leak at biliary-enteric anastomosis leading to biliary peritonitis. One each had pancreatitis and prolonged ileus. Two bile leaks stopped spontaneously. Operative time and postoperative hospital stay were 228.78 ± 40.43 min (mean ± SD) and 8.96 ± 3.63 days (mean ± SD), respectively.<br /><br /> Jejunal interposition loop reconstruction is safe and reproducible with acceptable morbidity. However, if this procedure is abandoned, the long-term benefits may remain ever elusive.<br /><br />Jejunal interposition loop reconstruction is safe and reproducible with acceptable morbidity. However, if this procedure is abandoned, the long-term benefits may remain ever elusive.<br /><br /> To identify complications, their incidence and risk factors for their occurrence in patients of esophageal atresia (EA) in the 1<br /><br /> year after discharge following surgery.<br /><br /> Cases of EA discharged after surgical intervention in the period of July 2011-July 2013 were considered a cohort. All data regarding demographics, investigations, surgical procedure, outcome, and follow-up were recorded.<br /><br /> Seventy-six such patients were discharged in the study period, six of whom were lost to follow-up, and hence, seventy patients were included in the study. Of these 70, 48 (69%) had esophageal continuity restored (46 EA + tracheoesophageal fistula [TEF]; 2 pure EA), while 22 (31%) had been diverted (3 pure EA; 8 EA + TEF following major leak; 11 long gap EA + TEF). Risk of developing any complication (except death) was 48/70 (68%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 57.4-79.7). Twenty-six of 48 patients with esophageal continuity restored, demonstrated narrowing on contrast study (54%; 95% CI = 39.5-68.7) but only 18 of these 48 (37.5%) had dysphagia. Thirty-one of seventy had an episode of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) (44.2%; 95% CI = 32.3%-56.2%). Poor weight gain was observed in 27/70 (37%), and this was significantly common in diverted patients (63% vs. 25%; <br /><br /> = 0.009). Twenty-one of total 70 (30%) patients died within the 1<br /><br /> year following discharge.<br /><br /> Sixty-eight percent of cases developed some complication, while 30% succumbed within the 1<br /><br /> year of life following discharge. The common complications were stricture, LRTI, and poor weight gain. All of these were common in diverted patients.<br /><br />Sixty-eight percent of cases developed some complication, while 30% succumbed within the 1st year of life following discharge. The common complications were stricture, LRTI, and poor weight gain. All of these were common in diverted patients.