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This is the first set of data on the subject.<br /><br />There is significant visual morbidity found in Indian patients with TED, even with moderate proptosis and systemic control of thyroid status. This is the first set of data on the subject.<br /><br /> To validate the GO-specific quality of life (QOL) questionnaire in Hindi language and to determine the correlation of scores (visual functioning and appearance) with disease severity and activity.<br /><br /> We recruited 114 consecutive patients with GO attending Endocrinology Clinic at tertiary care center. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Dihydroartemisinin(DHA).html Dihydroartemisinin in vivo] Eye examination was performed, and QOL was assessed by questionnaire.<br /><br /> The questionnaire was validated by 50 GO patients and test-retest reliability was performed in 15 patients. Hindi version GO-QOL was administered in 49 GO patients. GO was mild in 51.0% and sight-threatening in only 2.0% of cases. Orbitopathy was clinically active in only 10 (20.4%) cases. The GO-QOL scores (median) for visual function and appearance were 81.3 and 62.5, respectively. link2 Patients with moderate-to-severe and sight-threatening GO had significantly lower median appearance scores (56.3 vs. 68.5, P= 0.01) compared to mild disease but no difference in visual scores. Patients with active disease had significant lower median visual function (53.1 vs. 85.7, P= 0.009) and psychosocial (appearance) scores (40.6 vs. 68.8, P= 0.03) compared to inactive disease. On multivariate regression analysis of GO-QOL scores, extraocular eye movement involvement (EOM), proptosis, and severity of eye disease were significantly associated with visual functioning while appearance was significantly associated only with the severity of eye disease.<br /><br /> GO-QOL scores were significantly reduced in patients with GO.<br /><br />GO-QOL scores were significantly reduced in patients with GO.<br /><br /> To evaluate the current practice patterns in the treatment of thyroid eye disease (TED) in Indian subcontinent through a web-based survey of members of Oculoplastics Association of India (OPAI).<br /><br /> This was an online web-based questionnaire survey disseminated via monkeysurvey.com to all ratified active members of OPAI between May 1, 2016 and June 30, 2016. Questions encompassed the background, training, region, and experience of oculoplastic surgeons along with the management protocol of TED.<br /><br /> Of the 435 emails sent to OPAI members, 9 bounced and 180 (42.3%) responded within the study period. A large majority (96%) of respondents were oculoplastic surgeons practicing in India and the remaining practiced within South-East Asia. Two-thirds of respondents were oculoplastic surgeons with less than 10 years of clinical experience; 82% were fellowship trained in Oculoplasty. Almost all (99%) favored a multidisciplinary management of TED. A large majority routinely grade the severity (89%) and activity (87%) of dment choice.<br /><br /> To describe the clinical spectrum and management outcomes of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) involving the orbit.<br /><br /> Retrospective review of patients with orbital LCH presenting at the Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India, over the past 15 years. Demographic details, presenting features, radiology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and management outcomes were analyzed.<br /><br /> Nine patients were reviewed. The mean age of presentation was 10.12 ± 14.31 years (range 6 weeks to 35 years). Eyelid swelling was the most common presenting feature (4, 44.4%), followed by proptosis (3, 33.3%). The mean duration of the presentation was 2.21 ± 2.77 months. Radiological investigations revealed orbital roof osteolytic defects in six (66.6%) patients. Six patients underwent near-complete excision of the mass while three underwent incisional biopsy. Histopathology revealed histiocytes with nuclear grooving and numerous eosinophils characteristic of LCH. The cells were positive for CD1a and S 100 antigens. None of the patients had any systemic involvement. Three received systemic steroids and four received systemic chemotherapy. At a mean follow-up of 17.85 ± 23.46 months, all had complete remission without any signs of recurrence. One patient was lost to follow-up after near-complete excision while one adult patient with a mass in the intraconal space had no recurrence after near-complete excision.<br /><br /> LCH is a rare disorder of the orbit that commonly occurs in children and should be considered a differential for osteolytic lesions involving the orbit. All patients should undergo a systemic evaluation to rule out multifocal disease. The treatment depends upon disease extent and risk factors.<br /><br />LCH is a rare disorder of the orbit that commonly occurs in children and should be considered a differential for osteolytic lesions involving the orbit. All patients should undergo a systemic evaluation to rule out multifocal disease. The treatment depends upon disease extent and risk factors.<br /><br /> To compare the short-term outcome of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) with or without sodium hyaluronate in the treatment of infantile esotropia (IE).<br /><br /> In this tertiary care hospital-based prospective, interventional, non-randomized study on infants with IE below one year of age, 25 cases were enrolled in the sodium hyaluronate (SH) group to receive 2.5 U BoNT-A injection combined with SH in each medial rectus muscle (MR). Thirty patients were enrolled in the control group to receive 2.5 U BoNT-A injection with normal saline in each MR. The change in mean primary ocular deviation (POD) and complications were assessed at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months post injection. Mann-Whitney U test was used for non-parametric unpaired data. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to test for the strength of the association between the two categorical variables.<br /><br /> Satisfactory ocular alignment was achieved in 76% in SH group and 73% in the control group (P value = 0.80). While the change in mean POD was comparable (29.2 prism diopters [PD] vs 29.3 PD; P value = 0.65), the complication rates were significantly lesser in SH (16% vs 33.3%; P value = 0.14).<br /><br /> BoNT-A combined with SH is equally effective with lesser complications as compared to botulinum toxin alone in the treatment of IE.<br /><br />BoNT-A combined with SH is equally effective with lesser complications as compared to botulinum toxin alone in the treatment of IE.<br /><br /> To describe the prevalence of refractive error in school children in a tribal district, Rayagada, Odisha state, India.<br /><br /> In a cross-sectional school eye health study, the students with diminished vision and other ocular abnormalities were referred for a further eye examination to the vision technicians after initial screening by the trained school teachers. The examination by vision technicians consisted of an external eye examination, photorefraction using a Spot screener and subjective correction. Those not improving with subjective correction were referred to the ophthalmologist for further examination.<br /><br /> The school teachers measured vision in 153,107 children; 5,990 students reached a vision technician. There was a near equal number of boys (50.06%) and girls (49.94%). The average age was 10.5 ± 2.63 (range 5-15) years. The prevalence of refractive error was 9.7% (95% [CI]; 9.0-10.5%) in the vision technician-examined children. Myopia (4.9%) and astigmatism (5.4%) were more common than hyperopia (0.2%). The presenting visual acuity (PVA) was worse in children with hypermetropia (PVA 20/100-20/200 in 40% of children). Spherical equivalent of refractive error did not have a good correlation with age (R<br /><br /> = 1.3); but increasing age was associated with increased risk of myopia (odds ratio 1.14; 95% CI 1.09-1.20; P &lt; 0.001).<br /><br /> The quantum of refractive error was close to other similar studies in India but the prevalence of myopia was relatively less.<br /><br />The quantum of refractive error was close to other similar studies in India but the prevalence of myopia was relatively less.<br /><br /> The aim of this study was to test the discomfort experienced during intravitreal injections with eyelid retraction between an eyelid speculum, cotton-tipped applicator (CTA), and unimanual eyelid retraction techniques.<br /><br /> In total, 99 patients receiving intravitreal bevacizumab were enrolled into this prospective study. Participants were randomized to one of the three methods, given subconjunctival 2% lidocaine and then injected in the superior temporal quadrant. Immediately after the procedure, each patient was given a visual analog scale (VAS) to rate their discomfort.<br /><br /> The mean pain scores for eyelid retraction with unimanual, CTA, and speculum groups were 0.788 (standard deviation [SD] 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.448-1.128), 0.945 (SD 1.28, 95% CI 0.600-1.291), and 1.561 (SD 1.28, 95% CI 1.210-1.912), respectively. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test revealed a significant difference between the groups (P = 0.006). Post hoc analysis also revealed a difference in mean pain scores between the speculum and both the CTA and the unimanual methods.<br /><br /> Our study shows that the unimanual and CTA methods for eyelid retraction are significantly less painful for patients compared to the speculum method. Patient comfort is of the utmost importance as intravitreal injections are performed millions of times a year with most patients requiring multiple injections.<br /><br />Our study shows that the unimanual and CTA methods for eyelid retraction are significantly less painful for patients compared to the speculum method. link3 Patient comfort is of the utmost importance as intravitreal injections are performed millions of times a year with most patients requiring multiple injections.<br /><br /> To describe the outcomes of endophthalmitis with opaque cornea managed with primary endoscopic vitrectomy and secondary keratoplasty.<br /><br /> Retrospective consecutive interventional case series. All cases of endophthalmitis with opaque cornea which underwent endoscopic vitrectomy followed by secondary keratoplasty were analyzed. The study period was from Jan 2015 to March 2019. The outcome measures were resolution of infection, the magnitude of unnecessary keratoplasties avoided and corneal graft survival. The final anatomic and functional outcomes were reported and compared with relevant literature.<br /><br /> Seventy-eight eyes of 78 patients underwent endoscopic pars plana vitrectomy for endophthalmitis with the opaque cornea, of these 14 eyes of 14 patients were deemed eligible for further corneal intervention and were included in the study. The mean age at presentation was 42.27 ± 21.6 years (median 36 years). Etiology-wise, eight cases (57.14%) were post-trauma, three cases (21.42%) post-keratoplasty, two cases (14peat posterior segment procedures.<br /><br /> To evaluate the RNFL thickness by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and correlate it with the axial length and refractive error in myopes.<br /><br /> Patients with myopia -1D to -10D attending ophthalmology OPD at a tertiary hospital from October 2013 to April 2015 for evaluation underwent ophthalmic examination including refraction, axial length, and OCT RNFL thickness measurements. The patients were divided into two groups; group A included patients with AL ≤24 mm and group B AL &gt;24 mm.<br /><br /> The study included 100 eyes with myopia ranging from -1D to -10D. The mean (±SD) age was 26.87 (±5.93) years with a range of 21-48 years and male female ratio of 23. There was a statistically significant difference in the average peripapillary RNFL thickness between the two axial length groups (P = 0.01); RNFL thickness in group A being 91.40 (±10.17) and group B 86.06 (±10.09); and in the average RNFL thickness between the 3 degrees of myopia groups, with higher myopic group having thinner RNFL (P = 0.001).<br /><br /> There is a significant decrease in RNFL thickness with an increase in the grade of myopia and axial length.