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ingle vision indicated a poor prognosis for stereopsis. A shorter duration of strabismus predicted a better stereopsis after surgery. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;57(5)326-332.].<br /><br /> To investigate the effect of surgical timing on long-term motor and sensory outcomes in patients with infantile esotropia.<br /><br /> The medical records of patients who underwent strabismus surgery for infantile esotropia were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into three groups according to age at the time of surgery early group (6 to 11 months), late group (12 to 17 months), and very late group (18 to 27 months). The main outcome measures were final alignment, surgical success rate (the angle of deviation at final follow-up of ≤ 10 prism diopters [PD] of esotropia, no exotropia and no need for reoperation), stereoacuity, visual acuity, and the number of reoperations required during the follow-up.<br /><br /> A total of 79 patients (44 female, 35 male) met the inclusion criteria. The surgical success rate was 25.9%, 23.1%, and 53.8% in the three groups, respectively (P = .035). After a mean follow-up of 96 months, the average number of operations per child was 1.7 ± 0.9, 1.6 ± 0.6, and 1.4 ± 0.6 in the three groups, respectively (P = .020). The measurable stereopsis rate was higher in the early group (37% vs 3.8% and 3.8%, respectively) (P = .001). [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BIRB-796-(Doramapimod).html Doramapimod inhibitor] The amblyopia rate was similar between groups.<br /><br /> The results show that performing surgery later in life in patients with infantile esotropia increases the motor success rate of surgery. In addition, orthophoria is achieved with fewer surgical operations. However, earlier surgery may improve stereopsis. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;57(5)319-325.].<br /><br />The results show that performing surgery later in life in patients with infantile esotropia increases the motor success rate of surgery. In addition, orthophoria is achieved with fewer surgical operations. However, earlier surgery may improve stereopsis. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;57(5)319-325.].<br /><br /> To compare the results of augmented superior rectus transposition (with or without medial rectus recession) with simple medial rectus recession in the treatment of patients with esotropic Duane retraction syndrome.<br /><br /> This was a prospective, randomized, and interventional comparative study of 20 patients with esotropic type 1 Duane retraction syndrome. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. In the first group (superior rectus transposition group), superior rectus transposition with or without medial rectus recession was performed. In the second group (non-superior rectus transposition group), unilateral medial rectus recession was performed.<br /><br /> Each group included 10 patients. Esotropia improved from 20.4 prism diopters (PD) preoperatively to 0.6 PD postoperatively in the superior rectus transposition group and from 22.5 PD preoperatively to 0.9 PD postoperatively in the non-superior rectus transposition group. Face turn improved from 11.5° preoperatively to 0.5° postoperatively in the superior rectubut it can be complicated by vertical deviation. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;57(5)309-318.].<br /><br /> To study interobserver variability for measurement of grating acuity in preverbal and nonverbal children with developmental delay using Lea Grating Paddles (Lea Hyvärinen).<br /><br /> In this prospective study, preverbal patients younger than 3 years and older nonverbal patients (with developmental delay) were included. Those with poor neck holding were excluded. Binocular and monocular visual acuity assessment was done simultaneously using Lea Grating Paddles by two examiners who were blinded from each other's results.<br /><br /> Thirty-one children were tested (19 [61.29%] males and 12 [38.71%] females). The mean age was 28.5 months (range 4 to 44 months). A total of 92% of the observations showed interobserver agreement of 0.5 octave or better in binocular testing. Results for monocular testing showed interobserver agreement (0.5 octaves or better) in 95.65% and 95.23% of right and left eyes, respectively. Combined results showed agreement better than 0.5 octaves in 94.20%. The mean binocular visual acuity was 2.07 and 2.14 cycles per degree (cpd) for the first and second observer, respectively (P = .59). Similarly, the mean monocular visual acuity for the right and left eyes was 0.98 and 0.97 cpd for observer 1 and 0.89 and 0.79 cpd for observer 2, respectively (P = .91 and .14, for the right and left eyes, respectively).<br /><br /> Interobserver variability for grating acuity measurement using Lea Grating Paddles is minimal, signifying it to be a reliable and reproducible alternative to conventional preferential looking testing procedures. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;57(5)305-308.].<br /><br />Interobserver variability for grating acuity measurement using Lea Grating Paddles is minimal, signifying it to be a reliable and reproducible alternative to conventional preferential looking testing procedures. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;57(5)305-308.].<br /><br /> To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of cyclopentolate 1% administered as a spray in pediatric patients between 3 and 6 years old.<br /><br /> In this prospective, randomized, parallel group study, healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive cyclopentolate 1% as a single drop or a single puff into closed eyes.<br /><br /> There were 61 patients included in the study; 31 received cyclopentolate 1% as drops and 30 received cyclopentolate 1% as spray. The mean age at presentation was 4.5 ± 1.07 years (range 3 to 6 years) and 4.2 ± 1.06 years (range 3 to 6 years) in the drops and spray groups, respectively. The distress level was significantly lower at the time of receiving cyclopentolate as a spray (P &lt; .0001), with the exception of patients aged 6 years. There were no significant differences in pupil diameter between the two groups (P = .51), whereas 5 of 30 patients (16.6%) with dark irises who received cyclopentolate spray did not have adequate cycloplegia to allow for accurate refraction.<br /><br /> Cycloplegia achieved with cyclopentolate 1% administered as a spray may be an option in uncooperative children because it is less distressing compared to cyclopentolate 1% drops. However, physicians should be aware that cycloplegia obtained is only partially effective in children with dark irises. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;57(5)301-304.].<br /><br />Cycloplegia achieved with cyclopentolate 1% administered as a spray may be an option in uncooperative children because it is less distressing compared to cyclopentolate 1% drops. However, physicians should be aware that cycloplegia obtained is only partially effective in children with dark irises. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;57(5)301-304.].