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instrument deflection which make possible to reach lower pole calyceal stones even with acute lower pole infundibulopelvic angle (IPA).<br /><br />F-URS with SuperPulse Tm fiber laser is safe and effective option in the management of lower pole small calyceal stones. The possibility of using small laser fibers gives better instrument deflection which make possible to reach lower pole calyceal stones even with acute lower pole infundibulopelvic angle (IPA).<br /><br /> The worldwide spread of the SARS-CoV-2 infection has profoundly affected all aspects of human life, with tangible consequences in several contexts, including reproduction. However, evidences on the inter-relation between psychological distress and reproductive medicine are still conflicting.<br /><br /> The national lockdown imposed in Italy in March-May 2020 and the consequent assisted reproductive techniques (ART) activity blockage allowed to evaluate the conception ability of couples who suffered the postponement of ART cycles. In particular, we collected anamnestic, anthropometrical and demographic data of those women attending ART straddling the lockdown period attending to the Fertility Centre of Reggio Emilia.<br /><br /> Among the 431 couples recalled to reschedule ART cycles, 34 couples (7.9%) obtained a spontaneous pregnancy during the lockdown. Comparing spontaneously pregnant to non-pregnant women, the pregnant group resulted younger (P=0.009) and with a shorter infertility history (P=0.029). Interestingly, the sexectly apply ART to those couples who really need it, avoiding unnecessary over-treatment for those couples able to conceive spontaneously.<br /><br />The high pregnancy rate observed in a very short time-frame interval probably revealed an under-explored cause of idiopathic infertility, that is the frequency of sexual intercourses, resulting the best predictive variable on achieving a spontaneous pregnancy. This factor is commonly under-investigated during the anamnestic workup of infertile couples. Clinicians involved in ART should better investigate the sexual habits of infertile couples, with the aim to correctly apply ART to those couples who really need it, avoiding unnecessary over-treatment for those couples able to conceive spontaneously.Self-immolative linkers offer efficient mechanisms for deprotecting 'caged' functional groups in response to specific stimuli. Herein we describe a convenient 'click' chemistry method for introducing pendant self-immolative linkers to a polymer backbone through post-polymerization modification. The introduced triazole rings serve both to anchor the stimuli-cleavable trigger groups to the polymer backbone, while also forming a functional part of the self-immolation cascade. We investigate the polymerization kinetics, post-synthetic modification, and self-immolation mechanism of a model polymer system, and discuss avenues for future studies on poly-pendant self-immolative triazoles as a modular, stimuli-responsive macromolecule platform.Epilepsy-associated Kv1.1 voltage-gated potassium channel subunits encoded by the Kcna1 gene have traditionally been considered absent in heart, but recent studies reveal they are expressed in cardiomyocytes where they could regulate intrinsic cardiac electrophysiology. Although Kv1.1 now has a demonstrated functional role in atria, its role in the ventricles has never been investigated. In this work, electrophysiological, histological, and gene expression approaches were used to explore the consequences of Kv1.1 deficiency in the ventricles of Kcna1 knockout (KO) mice at the organ, cellular, and molecular levels to determine whether the absence of Kv1.1 leads to ventricular dysfunction that increases the risk of premature or sudden death. When subjected to intracardiac pacing, KO mice showed normal baseline susceptibility to inducible ventricular arrhythmias (VA) but resistance to VA under conditions of sympathetic challenge with isoproterenol. Echocardiography revealed cardiac contractile dysfunction manifesting as decreased ejection fraction and fractional shortening. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, KO ventricular cardiomyocytes exhibited action potential prolongation indicative of impaired repolarization. Imaging, histological, and transcript analyses showed no evidence of structural or channel gene expression remodeling, suggesting that the observed deficits are likely electrogenic due to Kv1.1 deficiency. Immunoblots of patient heart samples detected the presence of Kv1.1 at relatively high levels, implying that Kv1.1 contributes to human cardiac electrophysiology. Taken together, this work describes an important functional role for Kv1.1 in ventricles where its absence causes repolarization and contractility deficits but reduced susceptibility to arrhythmia under conditions of sympathetic drive.<br /><br /> Anticoagulant-related nephropathy (ARN), that was described in humans first as warfarin-related nephropathy, is characterized by acute kidney injury and red blood cell (RBC) tubular casts in the kidney. 5/6 nephrectomy (5/7NE) rats treated with warfarin or dabigatran show changes in kidney function and morphology that are similar to human disease. The role of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the pathogenesis of ARN is not clear. The aim of these studies was to elucidate the role of GFR in the pathogenesis of dabigatran-induced ARN in 5/6NE rats.<br /><br /> 5/6NE rats were treated per os with 150mg/kg/day dabigatran alone or with drugs that lower (enalapril, 1.5mg/kg/day) or increase (albuterol, 4.0mg/kg/day) GFR for 7days. Changes in coagulation and kidney function were recorded daily. Kidney morphology was evaluated on day 7 after the treatment.<br /><br /> Dabigatran resulted in activated partial thromboplastin time increase that was not affected by GFR-modifying drugs. Blood pressure was significantly lower in 5/6NE rats treated with enalapril and dabigatran as compared to dabigatran alone. The GFR was decreased by 35% in enalapril/dabigatran- and increased by 26% in albuterol/dabigatran-treated animals. There were no changes in serum creatinine, hematuria or urinary kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) levels when GFR-modifying drugs were added to dabigatran. All dabigatran-treated animals had RBC casts in the kidney regardless of the GFR modification.<br /><br /> GFR does not play a significant role in the dabigatran-induced acute kidney injury in 5/6 nephrectomy model in rats. Based in these data, modification of GFR in patients with ARN is not warranted.<br /><br />GFR does not play a significant role in the dabigatran-induced acute kidney injury in 5/6 nephrectomy model in rats. Based in these data, modification of GFR in patients with ARN is not warranted.At the onset of exercise in humans, muscle blood flow (MBF) increases to a new steady-state that closely matches the metabolic demand of exercise. This increase has been attributed to "contraction-induced vasodilation," comprised of the skeletal muscle pump and rapid vasodilatory mechanisms. While most research in this area has focused on forearm blood flow (FBF) and vascular conductance, it is possible that separating FBF into diameter and blood velocity can provide more useful information on MBF regulation downstream of the conduit artery. Therefore, we attempted to dissociate the matching of oxygen delivery and oxygen demand by administering glyceryl tri-nitrate (GTN) prior to handgrip exercise. Eight healthy males (29 ± 9 years) performed two trials consisting of two bouts of rhythmic handgrip exercise (30 contractions·min-1 at 5% of maximum) for 6 min, one for each control and GTN (0.4 mg sublingual) condition. Administration of GTN resulted in a 12% increase in resting brachial artery diameter that persisted throughout the duration of exercise (CON 0.50 ± 0.01 cm; GTN 0.56 ± 0.01 cm, p less then 0.05). [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nvp-cgm097.html Selleckchem NVP-CGM097] Resting FBF was greater following GTN administration compared to control (p less then 0.05); however, differences in FBF disappeared following the onset of muscle contractions. Our results indicate that the matching of FBF to oxygen demand during exercise is not affected by prior vasodilation, so that any over-perfusion is corrected at the onset of exercise. Additionally, our findings provide further evidence that the regulation of vascular tone within the microvasculature is independent of the conduit artery diameter.<br /><br /> The aim of the present study was to determine the possible relationship between cultured microorganisms and hearing loss in infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) who could not pass a standard hearing test.<br /><br /> The medical records of infants treated at the NICU were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were first divided into two groups, and group 1 was divided into two subgroups Group 1 included patients with hearing loss accompanied by proven sepsis caused by either gram-negative (group 1A) or gram-positive (group 1B) bacteria, and group 2 included patients with clinical sepsis. The groups were compared with potential risk factors related to hearing loss.<br /><br /> Between January 2014 and January 2019, the cases of 3,800 infants admitted to the NICU were reviewed. Of 3,548 living babies, the Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) test showed that 35 infants (0.98%) were diagnosed with hearing loss. In 12 infants with hearing loss, microbial growth in the blood cultures was detected, whereas in the remaining 23, the blood cultures were negative. Of the cases with microbial growth, five were gram negative and seven were gram positive. In the comparison of groups 1A, 1B, and 2, there were statistically significant differences in terms of risk factors such as low birth weight (p=.048), neonatal hospitalization time (p=.001), free oxygen support (p=.001), intraventricular bleeding (p=.001), loop diuretic use (p=.001), and blood transfusion (p=.048).<br /><br /> The relationship between hearing loss and microorganisms causing sepsis could not be determined in this research.<br /><br />The relationship between hearing loss and microorganisms causing sepsis could not be determined in this research.Palladium-catalyzed directing group assisted C-H bond activation has emerged as a powerful tool in synthetic organic chemistry. However, only recently, among various directing groups, widely available carboxylate moiety is recognized as a versatile candidate for the regioselective transformations. Notably, palladium-catalyzed carboxylate directed C(sp3 )-H bond activation and diverse functionalization is highly challenging and has gained huge attention for its versatile applications. Mono- and bidentate ligands have proven to be useful for accelerating the C(sp3 )-H bond activation step, which helps to control reactivity and selectivity (including enantioselectivity). In this Minireview, we discuss the recent progress made in palladium-catalyzed C(sp3 )-H bond functionalization reactions for the construction of C-C and C-Heteroatom bonds with the direction of free carboxylic acid.<br /><br /> We previously demonstrated how mouse spermatozoa can be efficiently stored for two years in a -80°C freezer, maintaining their ability to fertilize mouse eggs.<br /><br /> The main objective here was to evaluate the effects of five years at -80°C compared to liquid nitrogen storage (LN<br /><br /> , control condition) on mouse sperm viability, physiological parameters, and fertilization capacity.<br /><br /> Three different strains were used C57BL/6N, C57BL/6J and CD1. Flow cytometry experiments were performed to analyze sperm viability (SYBR-14 + Propidium Iodide +Hoechst33342), the intracellular calcium concentration (Fluo 3-AM), the membrane lipid disorder (Merocyanine 540), and the mitochondrial activity (MitoTracker Red) in live spermatozoa. The in vitro fertilization (IVF) was used to evaluate the sperm fertilizing ability.<br /><br /> Flow cytometry analysis showed that the percentage of live cells are reduced in B6N and B6J, but not in CD1 mice. However, in the live population no differences in terms of intracellular calcium concentration, membrane lipid disorder, and mitochondrial activity were reported when comparing both biobanking methods.