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Magnetic resonance imaging with hyperpolarized contrast agents can provide unprecedented in vivo measurements of metabolism, but yields images that are lower resolution than that achieved with proton anatomical imaging. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/as601245.html AS601245 solubility dmso] In order to spatially localize the metabolic activity, the metabolic image must be interpolated to the size of the proton image. The most common methods for choosing the unknown values rely exclusively on values of the original uninterpolated image.<br /><br /> In this work, we present an alternative method that uses the higher-resolution proton image to provide additional spatial structure. The interpolated image is the result of a convex optimization algorithm which is solved with the fast iterative shrinkage threshold algorithm (FISTA).<br /><br /> Results are shown with images of hyperpolarized pyruvate, lactate, and bicarbonate using data of the heart and brain from healthy human volunteers, a healthy porcine heart, and a human with prostate cancer.<br /><br />Results are shown with images of hyperpolarized pyruvate, lactate, and bicarbonate using data of the heart and brain from healthy human volunteers, a healthy porcine heart, and a human with prostate cancer.<br /><br /> To correct for image distortions produced by standard Fourier reconstruction techniques on low field permanent magnet MRI systems with strong [Formula see text] inhomogeneity and gradient field nonlinearities.<br /><br /> Conventional image distortion correction algorithms require accurate [Formula see text] maps which are not possible to acquire directly when the [Formula see text] inhomogeneities also produce significant image distortions. Here we use a readout gradient time-shift in a TSE sequence to encode the [Formula see text] field inhomogeneities in the k-space signals. Using a non-shifted and a shifted acquisition as input, [Formula see text] maps and images were reconstructed in an iterative manner. In each iteration, [Formula see text] maps were reconstructed from the phase difference using Tikhonov regularization, while images were reconstructed using either conjugate phase reconstruction (CPR) or model-based (MB) image reconstruction, taking the reconstructed field map into account. MB reconstructions wege quality and [Formula see text] map estimation.<br /><br />In case of [Formula see text] inhomogeneities in the order of kHz, iterative MB reconstructions can help to improve both image quality and [Formula see text] map estimation.<br /><br /> To investigate the effect of compressed SENSE (CS), an acceleration technique combining parallel imaging and compressed sensing, on potential bias and precision of brain volumetry and evaluate it in the context of normative brain volumetry.<br /><br /> In total, 171 scans from scan-rescan experiments on three healthy subjects were analyzed. Each subject received 3D-T1-weighted brain MRI scans at increasing degrees of acceleration (CS-factor = 1/4/8/12/16/20/32). Single-scan acquisition times ranged from 0041min (CS-factor = 32) to 2152min (CS-factor = 1). Brain segmentation and volumetry was performed using two different software tools md.brain, a proprietary software based on voxel-based morphometry, and FreeSurfer, an open-source software based on surface-based morphometry. Four sub-volumes were analyzed brain parenchyma (BP), total gray matter, total white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Coefficient of variation (CoV) of the repeated measurements as a measure of intra-subject reliability was calculated. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with regard to increasing CS-factor was calculated as another measure of reliability. Noise-to-contrast ratio as a measure of image quality was calculated for each dataset to analyze the association between acceleration factor, noise and volumetric brain measurements.<br /><br /> For all sub-volumes, there is a systematic bias proportional to the CS-factor which is dependent on the utilized software and subvolume. Measured volumes deviated significantly from the reference standard (CS-factor = 1), e.g. ranging from 1 to 13% for BP. The CS-induced systematic bias is driven by increased image noise. Except for CSF, reliability of brain volumetry remains high, demonstrated by low CoV (&lt; 1% for CS-factor up to 20) and good to excellent ICC for CS-factor up to 12.<br /><br /> CS-acceleration has a systematic biasing effect on volumetric brain measurements.<br /><br />CS-acceleration has a systematic biasing effect on volumetric brain measurements.<br /><br /> SARS-CoV-2 is a novel infectious agent causing coronavirus disease 2019, which has been declared as pandemic in March 2020. Personal protective equipment has been mandatory for healthcare workers in order to contain the outbreak of pandemic disease. Mild neurological disturbances such as headache have been related to the extensive utilization of facemask. This study aims to examine headache variations related to the intensive utilization of facemask among a cohort of healthcare professionals in a setting of low-medium risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2.<br /><br /> This is a cross-sectional study among healthcare providers from different hospital and clinics in Italy. Each participant completed a specifically designed self-administered questionnaire. Headache features and outcome measures' change from baseline were evaluated over a 4-month period, in which wearing facemask has become mandatory for Italian healthcare workers.<br /><br /> A total of 400 healthcare providers completed the questionnaire, 383 of them met the inclusion criteria. The majority were doctors, with a mean age of 33.4 ± 9.2 years old. Among 166/383 subjects, who were headache free at baseline, 44 (26.5%) developed de novo headache. Furthermore, 217/383 reported a previous diagnosis of primary headache disorder 137 were affected by migraine and 80 had tension-type headache. A proportion (31.3%) of these primary headache sufferers experienced worsening of their pre-existing headache disorder, mainly for migraine frequency and attack mean duration.<br /><br /> Our data showed the appearance of de novo associated facemask headache in previous headache-free subjects and an exacerbation of pre-existing primary headache disorders, mostly experienced by people with migraine disease.<br /><br />Our data showed the appearance of de novo associated facemask headache in previous headache-free subjects and an exacerbation of pre-existing primary headache disorders, mostly experienced by people with migraine disease.