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33% (1196/1354) had heard the term "myocardial infarction" and 64.63% (773/1196) knew the correct definition of that condition. Stroke was recognized by 81.46% (1103/1354) of participants and 59.20% (653/1103) of these participants correctly identified the condition. The difference between those who had heard of these diseases and those who knew the correct definition significantly differed from the values for awareness of sepsis and its definition. Conclusions We found that public awareness and knowledge of sepsis are poor amongst the population of Jeddah compared with the awareness and knowledge of AMI and stroke. This lack of knowledge may pose a serious obstruction to the prompt management needed to limit fatal outcomes.Background Adequate self-management skills are of great importance for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to reduce the impact of COPD exacerbations. Using mobile health (mHealth) to support exacerbation-related self-management could be promising in engaging patients in their own health and changing health behaviors. However, there is limited knowledge on how to design mHealth interventions that are effective, meet the needs of end users, and are perceived as useful. By following an iterative user-centered design (UCD) process, an evidence-driven and usable mHealth intervention was developed to enhance exacerbation-related self-management in patients with COPD. Objective This study aimed to describe in detail the full UCD and development process of an evidence-driven and usable mHealth intervention to enhance exacerbation-related self-management in patients with COPD. Methods The UCD process consisted of four iterative phases (1) background analysis and design conceptualization, (2) alre development resulted in an evidence-driven and usable mHealth intervention-Copilot, a mobile app consisting of a symptom-monitoring module, and a personalized COPD action plan. Conclusions By following a UCD process, an mHealth intervention was developed that meets the needs and preferences of patients with COPD, is likely to be used by patients with COPD, and has a high potential to be effective in reducing exacerbation impact. This extensive report of the intervention development process contributes to more transparency in the development of complex interventions in health care and can be used by researchers and designers as guidance for the development of future mHealth interventions.Background Exergaming is associated with positive health benefits; however, little is known about what motivates young people to exergame. Objective This study aimed to develop a new Reasons to Exergame (RTEX) scale and describe its psychometric properties (Study 1) including test-retest reliability (Study 2). We also examined the test-retest reliability of self-report exergaming behavior measures (Study 2). Methods We identified scale items in consultation with experts. In Study 1, we conducted an Exploratory Factor Analysis of RTEX and examined how the factors identified relate to exergaming frequency and intensity in a population-based sample of 272 young adults. In Study 2, we examined the test-retest reliability of RTEX factors and self-report measures of past-week exergaming frequency and intensity among 147 college students. Results We identified four factors in RTEX exergaming for fitness, exergaming for enjoyment, preferring exergaming over other gaming options, and choosing exergaming over competing interests (eg, sports). Test-retest reliability of RTEX factors (ICC 0.7-0.8) and self-report exergaming frequency (ICC 0.4-0.9) was adequate. Exergaming for fitness and enjoyment were positively associated with the frequency of exergaming with friends and family, and with exergaming intensity. Preferring exergaming over other gaming options and choosing exergaming over competing interests (eg, sports) were not related to exergaming behavior. Conclusions RTEX is a psychometrically sound scale with four factors that measure reasons to exergame. Replication of these findings is needed in larger, more diverse samples.Context Despite the prominence of informal drug shops as sources of contraceptives in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, evidence on the quality of services they provide is scant. Given efforts to leverage the private sector to increase contraceptive access, evaluating the contraceptive knowledge, attitudes and practices of these providers is warranted. Methods In April-May 2018, a mystery client study on the provision of emergency contraception (EC) was conducted in 854 informal drug shops in Kinshasa. Twelve mystery clients, presenting as younger or older than 18 and married or unmarried, visited the outlets to request something to "avoid getting pregnant" after unprotected sex, and to purchase the recommended medicine. Frequencies of key outcomes were calculated, and chi-square testing assessed associations between client age and marital status and the methods and counseling received. Results Overall, providers recommended EC in 77% of visits, and in 54% of visits, clients left with the method. In 62% of the visits in which providers recommended EC, they specified a time frame for taking the pill; the correct window of efficacy was indicated in 75% of these visits. In 18% of visits, other (noncontraceptive) drugs were provided, and in 7% of visits, providers did not help the client. Regardless of the visit outcome, providers were nearly always deemed respectful (96%). Conclusions Leveraging informal outlets to increase contraceptive provision will require identifying quality outlets, strengthening supply chains and advocating for policy changes that recognize them as effective contraceptive providers without decreasing their perceived advantages for women.Heart rate and blood pressure oscillate in phase with respiratory activity. A component of these oscillations is generated centrally, with respiratory neurons entraining the activity of pre-sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiovascular neurons. Using a combination of optogenetic inhibition and excitation in vivo and in situ in rats, as well as neuronal tracing, we demonstrate that preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) neurons, which form the kernel for inspiratory rhythm generation, directly modulate cardiovascular activity. Specifically, inhibitory preBötC neurons modulate cardiac parasympathetic neuron activity whilst excitatory preBötC neurons modulate sympathetic vasomotor neuron activity, generating heart rate and blood pressure oscillations in phase with respiration. [https://www.selleckchem.com/Proteasome.html Selleckchem Proteasome inhibitor] Our data reveal yet more functions entrained to the activity of the preBötC, with a role in generating cardiorespiratory oscillations. The findings have implications for cardiovascular pathologies, such as hypertension and heart failure, where respiratory entrainment of heart rate is diminished and respiratory entrainment of blood pressure exaggerated.