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The obtained results suggest that further studies related to cattle and pig carcasses are needed to assess the role of these sources for human VTEC infections.Salmonella Enteritidis is a major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis and is thus a persistent threat to global public health. The acid adaptation response helps Salmonella survive exposure to gastric environment during ingestion. In a previous study we highlighted the damage caused to cell membrane and the regulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in S. Enteritidis. In this study, we applied both physiologic and iTRAQ analyses to explore the regulatory mechanism of acid resistance in Salmonella. It was found that after S. Enteritidis was subject to a 1 h period of acid adaptation at pH 5.5, an additional 1 h period of acid shock stress at pH 3.0 caused less Salmonella cell death than in non-acid adapted Salmonella cells. Although there were no significant differences between adapted and non-adapted cells in terms of cell membrane damage (e.g., membrane permeability or lipid peroxidation) after 30 min, intracellular ROS level in acid adapted cells was dramatically reduced compared to that in non-acid adapted cells, indicating that acid adaption promoted less ROS generation or increased the ability of ROS scavenging with little reduction in the integrity of the cell membrane. These findings were confirmed via an iTRAQ analysis. The adapted cells were shown to trigger incorporation of exogenous long-chain fatty acids into the cellular membrane, resulting in a different membrane lipid profile and promoting survival rate under acid stress. S. Enteritidis experiences oxidative damage and iron deficiency under acid stress, but after acid adaption S. Enteritidis cells were able to balance their concentrations of intracellular ROS. Specifically, SodAB consumed the free protons responsible for forming reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and KatE protected cells from the toxic effects of ROIs. Additionally, acid-labile proteins released free unbound iron promoting ferroptotic metabolism, and NADH reduced GSSH to G-SH, protecting cells from acid/oxidative stress.The objectives of this study were to evaluate the bactericidal effects of X-ray irradiation and gallic acid (GA) against Escherichia coli O157H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on lettuce leaves and in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Inoculated PBS and lettuce were exposed to X-rays (0.05, 0.1, and 0.15; 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 kGy, respectively), and GA was applied to lettuce leaves as a solution and in PBS at concentrations of 0.5% (w/v). Combined treatment with 0.3 kGy and 0.5% GA reduced E. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cmc-na.html CMC-Na] coli O157H7, S. Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes cell counts 5.41, 2.57, and 1.36 log CFU/cm2 on lettuce, respectively. Combined treatment with 0.15 kGy X-ray and 0.5% GA reduced counts for the same species by 6.54, 4.24, and 1.51 log CFU/mL in PBS. The combined treatments exerted a synergistic antibacterial effect against E. coli O157H7 on lettuce, but not against S. Typhimurium or L. monocytogenes. In PBS, the synergistic effect was confirmed in both E. coli O157H7 and S. Typhimurium cells. Mechanistic investigations indicated that the synergistic antibacterial effect was associated with intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and bacterial cell membrane damage. Additionally, the X-ray and GA combination treatment did not adversely affect the color, total phenol content, and texture of lettuce. These findings demonstrate that treatment with X-ray radiation and GA can enhance the microbiological safety of fresh produce.Combined use of biocontrol agents and plant extracts can be considered a viable and promising strategy for protecting plant tissues with different synergistic mechanisms of action that improve the antimicrobial activity of the mixtures. Treatments of citrus fruits with Wickerhamomyces anomalus BS91 have been previously reported as effective measures to reduce the incidence of green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum. On the opposite, the knowledge of the antifungal activity of cultivated cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis DC.) leaf extract, vegetable widespread in some Mediterranean areas, is still very limited. In this study, experimental trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness in vitro of leaf aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extracts of C. cardunculus against seven fungal pathogens responsible for considerable food losses in the postharvest stage. In addition, biocontrol yeast W. anomalus BS91 and the three C. cardunculus extracts were tested in vivo both as a single treatment and in mixture, against Penicillium digitatum on 'Tarocco' oranges and 'Femminello' lemons. The combination of W. anomalus BS91 and leaf ethanolic extract reduced with the highest efficacy the incidence and severity of green mold on orange and lemon fruits with respect to the control, and was more effective than treatment with antagonistic yeast or leaf extracts applied alone. Incidence and severity of citrus decay were more consistently reduced when mixtures were applied 24 h before the inoculation of the pathogen, thus suggesting the relevance of preventive treatments. The mixtures of antagonistic W. anomalus BS91 and ethanolic leaf extract were more effective in controlling green mold decay on oranges than on lemons. These results indicate that biocontrol agents and leaf extracts, used in appropriate combination, can provide a stronger protection than when used singularly. However, compatibility between microbial antagonist and antimicrobial extract should be preliminary verified.Cheese potentially allowing the growth of Listeria monocytogenes must be free of the pathogen in 25 g before being put on the market, while 100 cfu/g is tolerated when the pathogen is unable to grow. Challenge tests were performed in order to assess the growth potential of L. monocytogenes in at least one batch of 32 Belgian cheese varieties from 32 factories. All varieties were grouped in four categories unripened acid-curd cheeses, mold-ripened soft cheeses, smear-ripened soft cheeses and ripened semi-hard cheeses. Associated microflora and cheese physicochemical characteristics were also studied. A cocktail of three strains was used to inoculate cheese on the first day of shelf-life, and samples were stored until the end of shelf-life at 7-9 °C. Growth potential was considered as the difference (a) between median contamination at the end and at the beginning of the test or (b) between the highest value at the end of the test and the lowest value at its beginning. L. monocytogenes always decreased in unripened acid-curd cheeses but showed extended growth in 21 out of 25 batches of ripened soft cheese.