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burden in this region. However, they emphasize interventions that are consistent with global strategies focused on preventing a narrower set of cardiometabolic risk factors and their associated diseases. In comparison, relatively few countries detail plans to prevent, treat, and palliate the full scope of the needs they identify. There is a need for increased support for bottom-up planning efforts to address local priorities.There is a continuous search for the ideal bioresorbable material to develop scaffolds for in situ vascular tissue engineering. As these scaffolds are exposed to the harsh hemodynamic environment during the entire transformation process from scaffold to neotissue, it is of crucial importance to maintain mechanical integrity and stability at all times. Bilayered scaffolds made of supramolecular polycarbonate-ester-bisurea were manufactured using dual electrospinning. These scaffolds contained a porous inner layer to allow for cellular infiltration and a dense outer layer to provide strength. Scaffolds (n = 21) were implanted as an interposition graft into the abdominal aorta of male Lewis rats and explanted after 1, 3, and 5 months in vivo to assess mechanical functionality and neotissue formation upon scaffold resorption. Results demonstrated conflicting graft outcomes despite homogeneity in the experimental group and scaffold production. Most grafts exhibited adverse remodeling, resulting in aneurysmal dilatarteries inside the body. In this study, we developed a bilayered electrospun supramolecular scaffold with a dense outer layer to provide mechanical integrity and a porous inner layer for cell recruitment and tissue formation. Despite homogenous scaffold properties and mechanical performance in vitro, in vivo testing as rat aorta interposition grafts revealed distinct graft outcomes, ranging from aneurysms to functional arteries. Careful analysis of this variability provided valuable insights into materials-driven in situ artery formation relevant for scaffold design and implantation procedures.Anti-predator defences are typically regarded as relatively static signals that conceal prey or advertise their unprofitability. However, startle displays are complex performances that deter or confuse predators and can include a spectacular array of movements, colours and sounds. Yet, we do not fully understand the mechanisms by which they function, their evolutionary correlates, or the conditions under which they are performed and evolve. Here, we present, to our knowledge, the first phylogenetically controlled comparative analyses of startle displays including behavioural data, using praying mantises as a model system. We included 58 species that provide a good representation of mantis diversity and estimated the strength of phylogenetic signal in the presence and complexity of displays. We also tested hypotheses on potential evolutionary correlates, including primary defences and body size. We found that startle displays and morphological traits were phylogenetically conserved, whereas behavioural traits were highly labile. Surprisingly, body size was not correlated with display presence or complexity in phylogenetically controlled analyses. Species-rich clades were more likely to exhibit displays, suggesting that startle displays were probably involved in lineage diversification. We suggest that to further elucidate the conditions under which startle displays evolve, future work should include quantitative descriptions of multiple display components, habitat type, and predator communities. Understanding the evolution of startle displays is critical to our overall understanding of the theory behind predator-prey dynamics.Although polyploidy is widespread across the plant Tree of Life, its long-term evolutionary significance is still poorly understood. Here, we examine the effects of polyploidy in explaining the large-scale evolutionary patterns within angiosperms by focusing on a single family exhibiting extensive interspecific variation in chromosome numbers. We inferred ploidy from haploid chromosome numbers for 80% of species in the most comprehensive species-level chronogram for the Brassicaceae. After evaluating a total of 94 phylogenetic models of diversification, we found that ploidy influences diversification rates across the Brassicaceae. We also found that despite diversifying at a similar rate to diploids, polyploids have played a significant role in driving present-day differences in species richness among clades. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tariquidar.html Tariquidar inhibitor] Overall, in addition to highlighting the complexity in the evolutionary consequences of polyploidy, our results suggest that rare successful polyploids persist while significantly contributing to the long-term evolution of clades. Our findings further indicate that polyploidy has played a major role in driving the long-term evolution of the Brassicaceae and highlight the potential of polyploidy in shaping present-day diversity patterns across the plant Tree of Life.Sequencing technologies have fuelled a rapid rise in descriptions of microbial communities associated with hosts, but what is often harder to ascertain is the evolutionary significance of these symbioses. Here, we review the role of vertical (VT), horizontal (HT), environmental acquisition and mixed modes of transmission (MMT), in the establishment of animal host-microbe associations. We then model four properties of gut microbiota proposed as key to promoting animal host-microbe relationships modes of transmission, host reproductive mode, host mate choice and host fitness. We found that (i) MMT led to the highest frequencies of host-microbe associations, and that some environmental acquisition or HT of microbes was required for persistent associations to form unless VT was perfect; (ii) host reproductive mode (sexual versus asexual) and host mate choice (for microbe carriers versus non-carriers) had little impact on the establishment of host-microbe associations; (iii) host mate choice did not itself lead to reproductive isolation, but could reinforce it; and (iv) changes in host fitness due to host-microbe associations had a minimal impact upon the formation of co-associations. When we introduced a second population, into which host-microbe carriers could disperse but in which environmental acquisition did not occur, highly efficient VT was required for host-microbe co-associations to persist. Our study reveals that transmission mode is of key importance in establishing host-microbe associations.