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Hemorrhoidal disease is a common reason for consultation in proctology. It can be treated in several ways (medical, endoscopic, and surgical). Laser treatment has been described since 1960 and has developed in recent years. The purpose of this literature review was to study the results of laser treatment of hemorrhoids and to compare them with those of surgical methods. We performed a systematic search of the literature by querying the Medline, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases. Retrospective studies and case reports were excluded. We selected 11 studies both techniques HeLP (hemorrhoid laser procedure) and LHP (laser hemorrhoidoplasty procedure). The total number of patients was 1179 including 1059 patients treated with laser and 120 treated surgically within the context of comparative studies. The age of the patients varies between 18 and 74 years old. HeLP laser treatment was significantly superior to surgical treatment in terms of postoperative pain (p  less then  0.001), hemorrhoidal disease downgrading (p  less then  0.001), and postoperative satisfaction (p  less then  0.001). Similarly, LHP laser treatment was significantly superior to surgical treatment in terms of operative duration (p  less then  0.00001), intraoperative bleeding (p  less then  0.00001), postoperative pain at H12 and H24 (p  less then  0.00001 and p = 0.0003), and postoperative bleeding rate (p  less then  0.001). The laser represents a revolution in the field of proctology mainly in the treatment of hemorrhoidal pathology. It is a safe, effective, and less painful mini-invasive technique. More rigorous studies will be needed to better evaluate this technique.Breast cancer is responsible for one of the top leading causes of cancer deaths among women. Radiotherapy (RT) uses high energy radiation to kill cancer cells, but this method has been reportedly linked to risks of toxicity. Post-therapeutic relapse from RT believed to be caused by its toxicity is one of the challenges encountered during tumour therapy. Therefore, further attention should be devoted to developing novel anti-tumour therapeutic approaches. The role of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in breast cancer management is to alleviate the side effects arising from RT, instead of acting against the tumour cells directly. This study investigated the effects of low-level laser (532 nm), as well as single and fractionated irradiation, on breast cancer MCF 7 cell line. Additionally, this study assessed the most effective laser parameter for fractionated irradiation. The MCF 7 cells were irradiated with green laser power at 1.5, 45.0, and 100.0 mW with a spot size diameter of 0.7 mm for 1, 5, 10, and 15 min. The irradiation was carried out in single, double, and triple fractionation separated by 5- and 10-min intervals in between the fractional regimes. The laser output of 100 mW showed a promising potential in killing cells with single fractionation. However, as the irradiation was fractionated into two, power of 1.5 mW appeared to be more effective in cell death, which contributed to the lowest percentage cells viable of 31.4% recorded in the study. It was proven that fractionated regime was more successful in tumour cell death.Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an alternative approach. The current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of aPDT with indocyanine green (ICG) against two Candida albicans (C. albicans) strains. In this in vitro study, the inoculum of standard ATCC 10,231 (S) and fluconazole-resistant (FR) strains were adjusted to the turbidity of a 0.5 McFarland standard. Each strain was allocated into 4 groups S1 and FR1) control groups, S2 and FR2) ICG-treated groups (1 µg/mL), S3 and FR3) laser-irradiated groups (wavelength 810 nm; mode continuous-wave; output power 300 mW; spot size 4.5 mm; exposure time 120 s; radiation dose 228 J/cm2), S4 and FR4) ICG-mediated-aPDT groups. After treatments, the number of colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) was calculated. Using the XTT reduction assay, the effects of each treatment on Candida biofilm formation were evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. In both strains, the maximum number of CFUs was observed in the control group, followed by ICG-treated, laser-irradiated, and ICG-mediated-aPDT groups. In ATCC 10,231 strain, the XTT assay exhibited significant difference between ICG-mediated-aPDT and control groups (p  less then  0.0001). However, the ICG, laser, and ICG-mediated-aPDT groups in fluconazole-resistant strain showed significant differences when compared with the control (p  less then  0.05). The mean Candida CFUs and the XTT assay did not show any significant difference between the ATCC 10,231 and fluconazole-resistant strains with respect to each treatment. Data suggest ICG-mediated-aPDT could diminish Candida CFUs in laboratory; however, further studies are warranted to confirm its efficacy and safety to be applied in clinics.<br /><br /> Cardiac metastases in hepatocellular carcinoma patients are infrequently encountered and usually associated with a very poor prognosis.<br /><br /> Hereby, we report a case of an acute pulmonary embolism (PE) on top of HCC with direct cardiac invasion to the right atrium (RA) through the inferior vena cava with another metastasis to the right ventricular apex in the form of highly mobile cauliflower mass protruding through the tricuspid valve into RA and nearly obliterating right ventricular outflow tract in a multi-centric hepatocellular carcinoma patient.<br /><br /> Acute dyspnea in a patient with a long history of hepatitis C virus infection raises the suspicion of acute PE due to either hypercoagulable state induced by malignancy or by cardiac extension of the tumor which usually carries high mortality rates. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the first case in the literature to show cardiac metastases in HCC with two different pathological mechanisms.<br /><br />Acute dyspnea in a patient with a long history of hepatitis C virus infection raises the suspicion of acute PE due to either hypercoagulable state induced by malignancy or by cardiac extension of the tumor which usually carries high mortality rates. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the first case in the literature to show cardiac metastases in HCC with two different pathological mechanisms.<br /><br /> A significant proportion of the radiation dose from a PET-CT examination is dependent on the CT protocol, which should be optimised for clinical purposes. Matching protocols on different scanners within an imaging centre is important for the consistency of image quality and dose. This paper describes our experience translating low-dose CT protocols between scanner models utilising different automatic exposure control (AEC) methods and reconstruction algorithms.<br /><br /> The scanners investigated were a newly installed Siemens Biograph mCT PET with 64-slice SOMATOM Definition AS CT using sinogram affirmed iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE) and two GE Discovery 710 PET scanners with 128-slice Optima 660 CT using adaptive statistical reconstruction (ASiR). Following exploratory phantom work, 33 adult patients of various sizes were scanned using the Siemens scanner and matched to patients scanned using our established GE protocol to give 33 patient pairs. A comparison of volumetric CT dose index (CTDI<br /><br /> ) and image nois9 (range 2.81 to 4.82) mGy, respectively. The analysis of the visual grading study indicated no preference for any of the SAFIRE strengths.<br /><br /> Given the different implementations of acquisition parameters and reconstruction algorithms between vendors, careful consideration is required to ensure optimisation and standardisation of protocols.<br /><br />Given the different implementations of acquisition parameters and reconstruction algorithms between vendors, careful consideration is required to ensure optimisation and standardisation of protocols.We hereby describe the case of a giant scrotal elephantiasis due to infection by Wuchereria bancrofti, imported in Belgium. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sodium-palmitate.html Palmitic acid sodium] We briefly discuss diagnostic methods, their subtlety, and therapeutic possibilities.Mexico is one of the world's leading mercury producers and exporters. However, mercury mining is carried out using artisanal procedures, which highly impact ecosystems. In the municipality of Pinal de Amoles, Queretaro, Mexico, artisanal mercury mining (AMM) is practiced in a region that has been categorized as a Biosphere Reserve. Therefore, a holistic health risk assessment for mercury was performed in the region, including environmental monitoring (air, water, and soil) and mercury exposure in both humans (children, women, and miners) and biota (plants, rodents, and worms). The atmospheric mercury determination was carried out using the JEROME® J405 analyzer, whereas total mercury in environmental and biological samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry/cold vapor. Results showed that mercury concentrations in the environmental and biological matrices exceeded their respective reference values. These results demonstrate the direct influence of AMM in the increasing levels of mercury in all the components of the studied ecosystem. Therefore, comprehensive intervention strategies must be implemented to reduce and prevent human health and ecological risks due to the presence of mercury. In this regard, the Minamata Convention for mercury control should include biomonitoring programs not only for humans but also for critical ecological receptors in polluted ecosystems.Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis are highly prevalent, complex, chronic inflammatory skin diseases that immensly affect the patient's quality of life. While there is no definitive cure for these conditions, suppressive medications aim at managing the symptoms of these diseases. The application of emollients accompanied by symptomatic anti-inflammatory therapy consisting of topical corticosteroids (TCS) is extensively employed for controlling the symptoms among general practitioners making this therapeutic class an indispensable pillar of dermatotherapeutics. The first TCS, hydrocortisone (HC) introduced in the early 1950s led to the development of different steroidal moieties of varying potencies by inducing chemical modifications to the basic steroid structure. The wide spectrum of the available range of formulations and potency provides flexibility to treat all patient groups, different phases of the diseases, and different anatomical sites. Conventional TCS therapy suffers from drawbacks such as low drug permeation and retention rate. Thus, novel nanoformulations have been developed to overcome these problems. This review provides an insight into the current state of nanocarrier-mediated topical delivery of corticosteroids monotherapy and combination therapy with special emphasis on targeting psoriasis and AD.Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for over 400,000 new cases and 175,000 deaths annually. Diagnostic RCC biomarkers may prevent overtreatment in patients with early disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a promising source of RCC biomarkers because EVs carry proteins and messenger RNA (mRNA) among other biomolecules. We aimed to identify biomarkers and assess biological functions of EV cargo from clear cell RCC (ccRCC), papillary RCC (pRCC), and benign kidney cell lines. EVs were enriched from conditioned cell media by size exclusion chromatography. The EV proteome was assessed using Tandem Mass Tag mass spectrometry (TMT-MS) and NanoString nCounter technology was used to profile 770 cancer-related mRNA present in EVs. The heterogeneity of protein and mRNA abundance and identification highlighted the heterogeneity of EV cargo, even between cell lines of a similar pathological group (e.g., ccRCC or pRCC). Overall, 1726 proteins were quantified across all EV samples, including 181 proteins that were detected in all samples.