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The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic warrants accelerated efforts to test vaccine candidates. We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine candidate, BBIBP-CorV, in humans.<br /><br /> We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial at Shangqiu City Liangyuan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Henan Province, China. In phase 1, healthy people aged 18-80 years, who were negative for serum-specific IgM/IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 at the time of screening, were separated into two age groups (18-59 years and ≥60 years) and randomly assigned to receive vaccine or placebo in a two-dose schedule of 2 μg, 4 μg, or 8 μg on days 0 and 28. In phase 2, healthy adults (aged 18-59 years) were randomly assigned (1111) to receive vaccine or placebo on a single-dose schedule of 8 μg on day 0 or on a two-dose schedule of 4 μg on days 0 and 14, 0 and 21, or 0 and 28. Participants within each cohort were ra China, National Mega projects of China for Major Infectious Diseases, National Mega Projects of China for New Drug Creation, and Beijing Science and Technology Plan.<br /><br />National Program on Key Research Project of China, National Mega projects of China for Major Infectious Diseases, National Mega Projects of China for New Drug Creation, and Beijing Science and Technology Plan.<br /><br /> Type 2 diabetes affects Indigenous and non-European populations disproportionately, including in New Zealand, where long-term temporal trends in cause-specific clinical outcomes between Māori, Pacific, and European people remain unclear. We aimed to compare the rates of mortality and hospital admission between Māori, Pacific, and European patients with type 2 diabetes in Auckland, New Zealand, over a period of 24 years.<br /><br /> In this retrospective, population-based, longitudinal cohort study, we identified a cohort of patients (aged 35-84 years) with type 2 diabetes enrolled between Jan 1, 1994, and July 31, 2018, to the primary care audit programme, the Diabetes Care Support Service (DCSS) in Auckland, New Zealand. Patients with type 1 diabetes, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes were excluded. We linked data from the DCSS with national death registration, hospital admission, pharmaceutical claim, and socioeconomic status databases. Patients were followed up until death or July 31, 2018 (date of last enrolmd Pacific patients had consistently higher hospital admission rates than European patients. Māori but not Pacific patients had higher adjusted IRRs for all-cause mortality (1·96 [95% CI 1·80-2·14]), cardiovascular mortality (1·93 [1·63-2·29]) and cancer mortality (1·64 [1·40-1·93]) rates compared with European patients.<br /><br /> Compared with European patients, poorer health outcomes have persisted among Māori and Pacific people with type 2 diabetes for more than 20 years. New policies supporting prevention and more intensive management of type 2 diabetes are urgently needed. Research into the biological and societal mechanisms underlying these disparities, and the associated differences between Māori and Pacific patients is also needed.<br /><br /> Counties Manukau Health and Middlemore Foundation.<br /><br />Counties Manukau Health and Middlemore Foundation.Bacteria often arrange themselves in various spatial configurations, which changes how they interact with their surroundings. In this work, we investigate how the structure of the bacterial arrangements influences the adsorption of bacteriophages. We quantify how the adsorption rate scales with the number of bacteria in the arrangement and show that the adsorption rates for microcolonies (increasing with exponent ∼1/3) and bacterial chains (increasing with exponent ∼0.5-0.8) are substantially lower than for well-mixed bacteria (increasing with exponent 1). We further show that, after infection, the spatially clustered arrangements reduce the effective burst size by more than 50% and cause substantial superinfections in a very short time interval after phage lysis.Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and phospholamban (PLB) are essential for intracellular Ca2+ transport in myocytes. Ca2+-dependent activation of SERCA-PLB provides a control function that regulates cytosolic and SR Ca2+ levels. Although experimental and computational studies alone have led to a greater insight into SERCA-PLB regulation, the structural mechanisms for Ca2+ binding reversing inhibition of the complex remain poorly understood. Therefore, we have performed atomistic simulations totaling 32.7 μs and cell-based intramolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments to determine structural changes of PLB-bound SERCA in response to binding of a single Ca2+ ion. Complementary MD simulations and FRET experiments showed that open-to-closed transitions in the structure of the headpiece underlie PLB inhibition of SERCA, and binding of a single Ca2+ ion is sufficient to shift the protein population toward a structurally closed structure of the complex. Closure is accompanied by functional interactions between the N-domain β5-β6 loop and the A-domain and the displacement of the catalytic phosphorylation domain toward a competent structure. We propose that reversal of SERCA-PLB inhibition is achieved by stringing together its controlling modules (A-domain and loop Nβ5-β6) with catalytic elements (P-domain) to regulate function during intracellular Ca2+ signaling. We conclude that binding of a single Ca2+ is a critical mediator of allosteric signaling that dictates structural changes and motions that relieve SERCA inhibition by PLB. Understanding allosteric regulation is of paramount importance to guide therapeutic modulation of SERCA and other evolutionarily related ion-motive ATPases.Single-particle tracking offers a method to interrogate the organization of transmembrane proteins by measuring their mobilities within a cell's plasma membrane. Using this technique, the diffusion characteristics of the Duffy antigen (DARC), glycophorin A, band 3, and GLUT1 were compared under analogous conditions on intact human erythrocyte membranes. Microscopic diffusion coefficients revealed that the vast majority of all four transmembrane proteins exhibit very restricted movement but are not completely immobile. In fact, only 12% of GLUT1 resolved into a highly mobile subpopulation. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pclx-001-ddd86481.html DDD86481 nmr] Macroscopic diffusion coefficients and compartment sizes were also similar for all four proteins, with movements confined to the approximate dimensions of the "corrals" of the cortical spectrin cytoskeleton. Taken together, these data suggest that almost the entire populations of all four transmembrane proteins are immobilized by either the incorporation within large multiprotein complexes or entrapment within the protein network of the cortical spectrin cytoskeleton.