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These "rules" are suggestions for clinicians who order chest computed tomography (CTs). The first three address CT scanning technique and the ordering details that we find cause the most confusion. The next three are on patient preparation, and specifically the use of sedation and anesthesia. Radiation risk is next, and we end with three, more philosophical, rules on how we can best work together as clinicians and imagers. This is not a complete or systematic review. You won't find detailed references (or any references for that matter), descriptions of the latest techniques, or lists of sample protocols. We hope that the reader will consult his or her imaging colleagues when more specific guidance is needed. The goal of this article is to provide simple answers to frequently asked questions and to address some of the concerns that arise when deciding how to perform a chest CT scan in a child. These are the opinions of the authors, two pediatric radiologists with special interest in chest imaging and 50 years combined experience in working with clinical colleagues to provide the best imaging care for their patients. We hope that sharing these thoughts will help to decrease confusion and increase understanding to the benefit of the children we serve.Some microorganisms, such as coccolithophores, produce an intricate exoskeleton made of inorganic solids. Coccoliths, the calcium carbonate scales of coccolithophores, are examples of the precise bioproduction of such complex 3D structures. However, the understanding of the cellular mechanisms that control mineral formation inside the cell, specifically the ability of these microalgae to transport high fluxes of inorganic building blocks, is still limited. Recently, using cryo-electron and X-ray microscopy, several intracellular compartments are shown to store high concentrations of calcium and phosphorous and are suggested to have a dominant role in the intracellular mineralization pathway. Here, live-cell confocal microscopy and fluorescent markers are used to examine the dynamics of ion stores in coccolithophores. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/daratumumab.html click here] Using calcein and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) as fluorescent proxies for calcium and polyphosphates, the experiments reveal an unexpected plethora of organelles with distinct fluorescent signatures over a wide range of strains and conditions. Surprisingly, the fluorescent labeling does not show changes along the calcification process and is similar between calcifying and noncalcifying cells, suggesting that these ion pools may not be a dynamic avenue for calcium transport. In such a case, the enigma behind the ability of coccolithophores to sustain intracellular calcification still awaits comprehensive elucidation.<br /><br /> We aimed to assess the association between deficient levels of circulating vitamin D, dietary intake of vitamin D, calcium and retinol, and risk of colorectal cancer in an Iranian population.<br /><br /> In this retrospective case-control study that was conducted between 2012 and 2015, 278 first incident colorectal cancer cases (colon cancer=103; rectal cancer=175), and 278 sex and age matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Serum 25(OH)D, dietary vitamin D, and calcium intake were assessed. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) between studied factors and colorectal cancer. Estimates of OR were calculated according to both bivariate analyses based on the matching factors and multivariate analyses, with additional adjustment for potential confounders.<br /><br /> A strong inverse linear dose-response association was seen between serum 25(OH)D and colorectal cancer (P for trend=.002). In comparison to serum 25(OH)D more than 40nmol/L, lower serum concentrations were significantly associated with an increased OR of colorectal cancer. When analyzing anatomical subsites separately, lower circulating 25(OH)D was associated with higher OR for both colon and rectum cancers. Dietary vitamin D and calcium intake were not associated with colorectal cancer. Interaction analysis between serum 25(OH)D and the amount of calcium intake demonstrated that the lowest level of both factors was associated with an increased OR of colorectal cancer. The highest OR of colorectal cancer that was associated with lowest circulating 25(OH)D was stronger at the highest retinol intakes.<br /><br /> This study demonstrated an inverse strong association between 25(OH)D concentration and colorectal cancer in an Iranian population.<br /><br />This study demonstrated an inverse strong association between 25(OH)D concentration and colorectal cancer in an Iranian population.<br /><br /> Carcinoid heart disease (CHD) is a well-documented complication of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) due to secreted hormones causing fibrosis. Somatostatin analogues (SSAs) can decrease hormonal secretion and inhibit tumor growth. The reported incidence of CHD has decreased as SSA use has increased. We describe a series of patients who have developed CHD even though they were treated with SSA therapy.<br /><br /> Nine patients were seen in four centers in Australia and New Zealand. The average duration of follow-up from diagnosis was 39 months.<br /><br /> Three patients had Grade 1 and six Grade 2 disease by World Health Organization 2010 criteria. All patients had no CHD symptoms at baseline and started SSA therapy soon after diagnosis, yet developed significant, symptomatic cardiac dysfunction in their disease course. The median time from NET diagnosis to SSA initiation was 1 month, and median time from NET diagnosis to CHD diagnosis was 23 months (range 4-52). All patients who were tested had persistently increased hormonal levels (chromogranin A, urinary 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid).<br /><br /> The good symptomatic control afforded by SSAs should not lead to reduced vigilance in screening for CHD, especially in patients with persistently elevated hormonal assays. Clinicians should consider regular echocardiographic screening in patients with a secretory syndrome.<br /><br />The good symptomatic control afforded by SSAs should not lead to reduced vigilance in screening for CHD, especially in patients with persistently elevated hormonal assays. Clinicians should consider regular echocardiographic screening in patients with a secretory syndrome.