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OBJECTIVES To develop a Polish adaptation of the Perceived Implicit Rationing of Nursing Care (PIRNCA)questionnaire. DESIGN Cross-sectional validation study. SETTINGS Nurses working in surgical and cancer wards in Poland. PARTICIPANTS A sample of 513 professionally active nurses was enrolled in the study. INTERVENTION To complete a Polish translation of the full original PIRNCA questionnaire. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was translation and adaptation of the full original PIRNCA tool and its validation to the Polish conditions. The secondary outcome was determination of relationships between sociodemographic variables, nurses' assessment of patient care quality and their overall job satisfaction on the one hand, and PIRNCA scores on the other. RESULTS The respondents' mean score was 1.27 points (SD=0.68) on a scale from 0 to 3. Cronbach's alpha for the entire instrument was 0.957. All items of the questionnaire were found to have a positive item-total correlation. The developed linear regression model showed that nurses' assessment of patient care quality and their overall job satisfaction were independent predictors of PIRNCA scores (p less then 0.05). 94.15% of nurses reported rationing at least one of the 31 care activities. CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate a high level of reliability and validity of the translated PIRNCA questionnaire, fully comparable to that of the original. The questionnaire can be used for the assessment of PIRNCA in Polish hospitals. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.OBJECTIVES This review aimed to describe the epidemiology of all heat-related illnesses in women compared with men in the armed forces and to identify gender-specific risk factors and differences in heat tolerance. DESIGN A systematic review of multiple databases (MEDLINE, Emcare, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Informit and Scopus) was conducted from the inception of the databases to 1 April 2019 using the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis guidelines. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA All relevant studies investigating and comparing heat illness and heat tolerance in women and men in the armed forces were included in the review. RESULTS Twenty-four studies were included in the systematic review. The incidence of heat stroke in women ranged from 0.10 to 0.26 per 1000 person-years, while the incidence of heat stroke ranged from 0.22 to 0.48 per 1000 person-years in men. The incidence of other heat illnesses in women compared with men ranged from 1.30 to 2.89 per 1000 person-years versus 0.98 to 1.98 per 1000 person-years. The limited evidence suggests that women had a greater risk of exertional heat illness compared with men. Other gender-specific risk factors were slower run times and body mass index. Although there was a higher proportion of women who were heat intolerant compared with men, this finding needs to be interpreted with caution due to the limited evidence. CONCLUSION The findings of this review suggest that men experienced a slightly higher incidence of heat stroke than women in the armed forces. In addition, the limited available evidence suggests that a higher proportion of women were heat intolerant and being a female was associated with a greater risk of exertional heat illnesses. Given the limited evidence available, further research is required to investigate the influence of gender differences on heat intolerance and heat illness. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ferrostatin-1.html Ferrostatin-1 concentration] Published by BMJ.OBJECTIVES This study investigated physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) among preschool-aged children in Singapore and potential correlates at multiple levels of the socioecological model from in-school and out-of-school settings. DESIGN A cross-sectional study using a mixed-methods approach. PARTICIPANTS Parent-child dyads from six preschools in Singapore. METHODS PA and SB of children (n=72) were quantified using wrist-worn accelerometers for seven consecutive days. Three focus group discussions (FGDs) among 12 teachers explored diverse influences on children's activities, and System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY) assessed PA environment and children's activity levels at preschools. Seventy-three parents completed questionnaires on home and neighbourhood factors influencing children's PA and SB. Descriptive analyses of quantitative data and thematic analysis of FGDs were performed. RESULTS Based on accelerometry, children (4.4±1.1 years) spent a median of 7.8 (IQR 6hool correlates of PA and SB that should be taken into account in health promotion strategies. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) often play a central role in organizing the cellular microtubule networks that underlie cell function. In neurons, microtubules in axons and dendrites have distinct polarities. Dendrite-specific Golgi outposts, in particular multi-compartment outposts, have emerged as regulators of acentrosomal microtubule growth, raising the question of whether outposts contribute to establishing or maintaining the overall polarity of the dendritic microtubule cytoskeleton. Using a combination of genetic approaches and live imaging in a Drosophila model, we found that dendritic microtubule polarity is unaffected by eliminating known regulators of Golgi-dependent microtubule organization including the cis-Golgi matrix protein GM130, the fly AKAP450 ortholog pericentrin-like protein (plp), and centrosomin (cnn). This indicates that Golgi outposts are not essential for the formation or maintenance of a dendrite-specific cytoskeleton. However, the over-expression of GM130, which promotes the formation of ectopic multi-compartment units, is sufficient to alter dendritic microtubule polarity. Axonal microtubule polarity is similarly disrupted by the presence of ectopic multi-compartment Golgi outposts. Notably, multi-compartment outposts alter microtubule polarity independently of microtubule nucleation mediated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC). Thus, although Golgi outposts are not essential to dendritic microtubule polarity, altering their organization correlates with changes to microtubule polarity. Based on these data, we propose that the organization of Golgi outposts is carefully regulated to ensure proper dendritic microtubule polarity. Copyright © 2020, Genetics.