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PURPOSE This study aimed to compare the effects of four resistance training (RT) programs with different velocity loss (VL) thresholds 0% (VL0), 10% (VL10), 20% (VL20) and 40% (VL40) on sprint and jump performance, muscle strength, neuromuscular, muscle hypertrophy and architectural adaptations. METHODS Sixty-four young resistance-trained men were randomly assigned into four groups (VL0, VL10, VL20, and VL40) that differed in the VL allowed in each set. Subjects followed an RT program for 8 weeks (2 sessions per week) using the full-squat (SQ) exercise, with similar relative intensity (70-85% 1RM), number of sets (3) and inter-set recovery period (4-min). Before and after the RT program the following tests were performed 1) muscle hypertrophy and architecture of the vastus lateralis (VLA); 2) tensiomyography; 3) 20-m running sprint; 4) vertical jump; 5) maximal voluntary isometric contraction in SQ; 6) progressive loading test in SQ; and 7) fatigue test. RESULTS No between-group differences existed for RT-induced gains in sprint, jump and strength performance despite the differences in the total volume performed by each group. VL20 and VL40 showed significant increases (P less then 0.001) in muscle hypertrophy (group × time interaction, P = 0.06). However, only VL40 exhibited a significant slowing (P less then 0.001) of the delay time in the VLA muscle (group × time interaction P = 0.05). Moreover, VL40 showed a significant decrease in the early rate of force development (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Higher VL thresholds (i.e. VL20 and VL40) maximized hypertrophic adaptations, although an excessive VL during the set (i.e. VL40) may also induce negative neuromuscular adaptations. Therefore, moderate VL thresholds should be chosen to maximize strength adaptations and to prevent negative neuromuscular adaptations.PURPOSE Polygenic risk scores (PRS) summarize genome-wide genotype data into a single variable that produces an individual-level risk score for genetic liability. PRSs have been used for prediction of chronic diseases and some risk factors. As PRSs have been studied less for physical activity (PA), we constructed PRSs for PA and studied how much variation in PA can be explained by these PRSs in independent population samples. METHODS We calculated PRSs for self-reported and objectively measured PA using UK Biobank genome-wide association study summary statistics, and analyzed how much of the variation in self-reported (MET-hours/day) and measured (steps and moderate-to-vigorous PA minutes/day) PA could be accounted for by the PRSs in the Finnish Twin Cohorts (FTC, N = 759-11,528) and the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966, N = 3,263-4,061). Objective measurement of PA was done with wrist-worn accelerometer in UK Biobank and NFBC1966 studies, and with hip-worn accelerometer in the FTC. RESULTS The PRSs accounted from 0.07% to 1.44% of the variation (R) in the self-reported and objectively measured PA volumes (P-value range 0.023 to less then 0.0001) in FTC and NFBC1966. For both self-reported and objectively measured PA, individuals in the highest PRS deciles had significantly (11 to 28%) higher PA volumes compared to the lowest PRS deciles (P-value range 0.017 to less then 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS PA is a multifactorial phenotype and the PRSs constructed based on UK Biobank results accounted for statistically significant but overall small proportion of the variation in PA in the Finnish cohorts. Using identical methods to assess PA and including less common and rare variants in the construction of PRSs may increase the proportion of PA explained by the PRSs.PURPOSE OF REVIEW Trauma patients are considered a complex population of patients in emergency medicine and need extensive, specialized therapy. One major part is the prevention and treatment of the inflammatory response, which occurs in patients after severe injury resulting in complications like endotheliopathy. Likely as a consequence, coagulopathy occurs. Sterile inflammation is hard to address, especially because of the lack of a single activator. Moreover, it is a complex composition of factors that lead to a pathologic immune response. Our understanding of these patterns is increasing, but the complete pathophysiologic changes have yet to be investigated. Therefore, there is no specific target to treat inflammatory response in trauma patients at the moment. RECENT FINDINGS There is increasing knowledge of the pathways and mediators that are responsible for the inflammatory response in patients after severe trauma. The endothelial glycocalyx has been identified to be an integral part of these mechanisms. There have been several new therapeutic approaches to diminish the inflammatory response. SUMMARY Our increasing understanding of the immune system have led to new potential therapeutic perspectives. All of these approaches need further research to be validated. As the current therapies are based on empirical strategies and have not changed much over the years, new treatment options would be an important progress.PURPOSE OF REVIEW Research studies pertaining to the management of pediatric non-red cell blood product transfusion is limited. Clinical practices vary within disciplines and regions. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/dup-697.html DuP-697 research buy] Anesthesiologists need evidence-based guidelines to make appropriate and safe decisions regarding transfusion of the 'yellow' blood products for pediatric patients. RECENT FINDINGS This review outlines clinical indications for transfusion of fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, platelets, and fibrinogen concentrate in pediatrics. Recent studies of non-red blood cell transfusions in critical, but stable situations are highlighted. Recommendations to guide transfusion of the 'yellow' blood products in operative and non-operative settings are summarized. Special attention is drawn to guidelines in massive hemorrhage and trauma situations. SUMMARY Evidence-based guidelines and expert consensus recommendations exist to guide the transfusion of pediatric non-red blood products and should be followed when transfusing the 'yellow' blood components. As high-quality studies in neonates, infants and children are limited, future research should broaden our knowledge in this direction with the goal to use restrictive strategies to improve patient outcomes.