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The Task Force on Research Specific to Pregnant Women and Lactating Women was established by the 21st Century Cures Act and charged with providing advice and guidance to the Secretary of Health and Human Services on activities related to identifying and addressing gaps in knowledge and research on safe and effective therapies for pregnant women and lactating women, including the development of, collaboration on, and coordination of such activities. The Task Force developed 15 recommendations based on information gleaned during four meetings and a public comment period. These recommendation include concrete actionable items to facilitate information and data for providers and the public. OBJECTIVES To compare clinically important mechanical properties of three techniques used to fix transverse olecranon fractures (Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Osteosynthesefragen and Orthopaedic Trauma Association class 2U1B1) (1) intramedullary (IM) screw, (2) locking plate, and (3) tension band wire in a realistic loading protocol using a cadaveric model. METHODS Fresh frozen cadaveric transverse olecranon fracture models were fixed with an IM screw (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;6), a locking plate (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;6), or a tension band (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;6). Compression after fixation was recorded using a pressure sensor in the fracture before samples were loaded through the triceps tendon for 500 cycles of 0-500&nbsp;N, assessing implant survival. The primary outcome measure was compression force before loading. The secondary outcome was frequency of implant failure defined as breakage of the implant itself or fracture gapping &gt;5&nbsp;mm. Binary outcomes were compared with χ2, and continuous variables were compared with unadjusted analysis of variance and a multivariable regression model adjusting for age, sex, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry T-score, and testing order. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was shown in fracture compression between IM screw (mean, 162&nbsp;N; 95% confidence interval [CI], 27-297&nbsp;N), locking plate (mean, 125&nbsp;N; 95% CI, -9-260&nbsp;N), and tension band (mean, 163&nbsp;N; 95% CI, 29-298&nbsp;N) in unadjusted (p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.89) and adjusted (p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.82) analyses. A 100% implant failure rate was observed with tension band compared with 0% implant failure with IM screw or locking plate (p&nbsp; less then &nbsp;0.01). CONCLUSION We found no statistically significant differences in compression across the fracture site among techniques. We did find a higher risk of implant failure with tension band compared with IM screw and locking plate during cyclic loading in cadaveric bone. BACKGROUND Intramedullary fixation with k-wires is a surgical option in the management of fractures of the shaft and neck of central metatarsals. The current study aimed at investigating the clinical outcomes of closed antegrade/retrograde intramedullary pinning technique. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 34 patients (26 males and eight females) with 58 metatarsal neck and shaft fractures (28 shaft and 26 neck fractures) were operated using the antegrade/retrograde intramedullary fixation technique. At the final follow-up visit, pain intensity was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) and foot function was evaluated by the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) forefoot scoring system. RESULTS Mean follow-up period was 18 months, ranged 12 to 34. Mean time to clinical fracture healing was 6.5 weeks, ranged 5 to 9. Bony union was occurred in all the cases. No surgical site infection was noted. Mean VAS score at the final follow-up visit was 0.28, ranged 0 to 3. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/10-dab-10-deacetylbaccatin.html 10-Deacetylbaccatin-III] At the final follow-up, the mean AOFAS score was 95.2, ranged 81 to 100. CONCLUSION Closed antegrade/retrograde intramedullary pinning is a minimally invasive technique to manage central metatarsal fractures. Using this technique, metatarsal alignment can be restored and good clinical outcome is achieved. We set out to examine the implications of seasonal variation in hip fracture for trauma services and for the frail older people who typically suffer this injury. Since 2007 the National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD) has been reporting data for all over-60 year old patients presenting in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. We analysed published NHFD data for the 450,764 people who presented during the seven years from April 2011 to March 2018. We found marked seasonal variation in the number of people presenting 8% more people presenting in the winter months (December-February) than in the summer (June-August). The total number of people dying within 30 days of hip fracture was 30.5% higher among those presenting in these winter months. In total 33,649 people (7.5%) died within 30 days of hip fracture, but this figure varied significantly (p&nbsp; less then &nbsp;0.001, Chi2 test); ranging from 6.7% in July to 8.7% (30% higher) in January. The public health impact of these findings is significant. An 8% increase in hip fracture numbers during the winter would equate with 1250 additional fractures during these months each year. Patients average over 20 days in hospital, so these additional cases will compound the stresses on hospital services over the Christmas and New Year holiday period. Such factors must be taken into consideration when organising trauma services if we are to try and avoid the additional 325 deaths that we found to occur each winter. A proposed microsurgical training program is presented that includes all the existing training methods, such as simulation in nonliving models, virtual reality simulation system and exercise in living models. Our experience in microsurgery training over the last decades indicates the need of evolution in training programs. This can be achieved with the introduction of new technologies into education and training. The first primary results of the described training program are promising, however this system needs to be assessed by training greater number of microsurgeons. Furthermore, more complex scenarios (such as whole operations) should be inserted into the virtual reality simulation system to create a more interactive experience. BACKGROUND Soft tissue defects to the dorsum of fingers are quite demanding for the reconstructive surgeon especially in the cases that bone and extensor tendons are exposed. The purpose of our study was to describe a new adipofascial island flap by a single dorsal digital perforator (dorsal adipofascial digital artery perforator, DADAP). MATERIALS Methods In 8 patients (7 male, 1 female), 12 soft tissue defects to the dorsum of the fingers (3 index, 6 middle, 2 ring, 1 little finger), ranging from 1&nbsp;×&nbsp;2&nbsp;cm to 2&nbsp;×&nbsp;4&nbsp;cm, were reconstructed using the DADAP flap. RESULTS The flaps sizes ranged from 2.5&nbsp;×&nbsp;1.5&nbsp;cm to 8&nbsp;×&nbsp;3&nbsp;cm. The defects were covered in 9 cases by a propeller-rotation type flap and in 3 by a turn-over flap. In 4 cases a tendon graft was used to cover the tendon defect and in 3 cases an open joint was reconstructed. In all cases a splint thickness skin graft (SSG) covered the flaps. Mean follow-up was 18 months. One patient developed distal tip flap necrosis and was treated conservatively. Delayed wound healing with partial SSG failure due to haematoma was observed in 3 fingers, but the underlying flap was viable and complete healing was achieved by secondary intention.