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The inhibitory effect of caffeic acid on the formation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP) was investigated in chemical model systems under microwave heating (MW). A mechanistic study was subsequently carried out to identify the inhibitory mechanism. The results showed that both for conductive heating (CV) and MW, the inhibition of PhIP increased with the concentration of caffeic acid but decreased with the prolongation of heating time. The inhibition on PhIP under MW was always higher than under CV, which were dominated by the difference in dielectric loss (ε″). UPLC-MS analysis showed that caffeic acid releases a CO2 molecule to produce 4-vinylcatechol which can form adducts with phenylacetaldehyde, thus reducing its availability for PhIP formation. The structure of adduct was characterized as 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-phenylbutanal with a molecular weight of 256. The findings indicate that trapping of phenylacetaldehyde by 4-vinylcatechol is a key mechanism of caffeic acid in inhibiting PhIP formation. This research aims to analyze management and innovation patterns among micro and small businesses (MSBs) that participated during 2015-2016 in the Local Innovation Agents (LIA) Program from the Brazilian Micro and Small Business Support Service (SEBRAE). Complemented by factor analyses, two-step cluster analysis was applied on 6674 MSBs' management dimensions to identify group patterns and statistical tests explored further cluster differences regarding management and innovation dimensions, besides innovation improvement throughout the program. Results were multifaceted. First, complementary factor analyses showed that management dimensions compose one factor with similar loadings, thus in accordance with their predictive importance found in the cluster analysis. Second, two main clusters were identified in terms of management level, which also presented significant differences regarding innovation levels. Third, considering a before-and-after self-comparison, by and large, innovation was significantly improved by both clusters. Fourth, the highest developed cluster presented higher improvement rates in most innovation dimensions, thus benefiting more from the program, except for two marketing-related innovations, which improved similarly by both clusters. Overall, even though the LIA Program was effective to leverage MSBs innovation, higher efficiency rates would be bounded to fewer participating MSBs, and hence policy planners should be aware of this tradeoff. BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal fatigue and pain as a consequence of performing surgery is found in 70%-87% of surgeons. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of microbreaks on surgeons' performance and well-being during laparoscopic appendectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was a blinded randomized crossover trial. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ei1.html selleck products] were tested at three time points Before surgery (baseline), after surgery without intervention, and after surgery where microbreaks were used every 10&nbsp;min for 10&nbsp;s. The musculoskeletal endurance test was used as the primary outcome. Performance was assessed by procedure length and a manual precision test. The surgeons' well-being was measured by level of exhaustion rated on the Borg CR10 scale and visual analog scale ratings for musculoskeletal discomfort in the neck, shoulders, back, wrists, and legs. RESULTS No significant differences were found in musculoskeletal endurance, procedure time, or the manual precision test. The level of exhaustion was significantly increased after both normal procedures (P&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.01) and procedures with microbreaks (P&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.03). However, no significant difference was found between the two (P&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.25). There was a significant increase from baseline regarding self-reported musculoskeletal discomfort in the back, shoulders, and legs after surgery but no significant differences between procedures with and without microbreaks. CONCLUSIONS This study did not find a positive effect of microbreaks on laparoscopic appendectomy. Exhaustion and discomfort were present after surgery, demonstrating that short surgical procedures (less than 60&nbsp;min) can result in fatigue in surgeons. OBJECTIVE To determine the factors associated with dissatisfaction in women whose labour was induced, according to parity. #link# DESIGN Prospective population-based cohort study. SETTING Seven French perinatal health networks including 94 maternity units PARTICIPANTS Among 3042 consecutive women who underwent induction of labour (IoL) with a live foetus from November 17 to December 20, 2015, in participating maternity units, this study included the 1453 who answered the self-administered questionnaire about their experience of IoL at two months post-delivery. MEASUREMENTS The associations between women's dissatisfaction at two months post-delivery and the characteristics of their pregnancy, labour, and delivery were assessed with multivariable logistic regression models. Analyses were stratified for nulliparous and parous women. Multivariable mixed models were used to take a random effect for the maternity unit into account. FINDINGS The response rate was 47.8% (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;1453/3042). Overall, 30% of the nulliparous women.88] and OR 5.29, 95% CI [1.32; 21.21]). KEY CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE To reduce dissatisfaction in nulliparous women, IoL should be discussed during antenatal birth classes and women should be made to feel that they shared in the medical decision to perform IoL. For parous women, care providers should inform them that the duration of delivery may exceed 24&nbsp;h. Continuous support for all women during IoL should pay closer attention to vaginal discomfort, pain and women's requests. Postpartum discussions with mothers should be arranged to enable conversation about the experience of unexpected events. Threatened of extinction in Brazil, the jaguar is the largest predator in Latin America, playing an important role in the ecosystem where it is inserted. Despite of some important studies in this species, its reproductive physiology needs to be better understood for the development of more effective reproductive biotechnologies. One well studied biological aspect is the occurrence of ovulation following stimulation of the vaginal floor during copulation. This mechanical stimulation is responsible for the induction of ovulation in domestic and wild cats. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate whether ovulation in captive jaguars can be induced by the above-mentioned mechanical stimulation but also by other forms of sensory stimulation. Nine jaguar (Panthera onca) females and six males were divided into three groups Group 1 (four females), in which the females were close to the males, but with no possibility of copulation; Group 2 (three females), in which the females were in the same enclosure as the males, thereby being able to copulate; and Group 3 (two females), in which the females were completely isolated from any male of the species.