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T levels were much higher in the male pigs. It is noteworthy that in the female pigs, the 11KT levels were &gt;10-fold higher than the T levels. However, castration altered the 11KT and T plasma profiles in the male pigs to near those of the females. 11KT induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in porcine vascular endothelial cells. These results indicate that 11KT is produced in porcine adrenal glands and testes, and may regulate cardiovascular functions through eNOS expression.A new androsterone derivative bearing a 16β-picolyl group (compound 5; FCO-586-119) was synthetized in four steps from the lead compound 1 (RM-532-105). We measured its inhibitory activity on 17β-HSD3 using microsomal fraction of rat testes as well as transfected LNCaP[17β-HSD3] cells. We then assessed its metabolic stability as well as its cytotoxic effect against a panel of cancer cell lines. The addition of a picolyl moiety at C-16 of RM-532-105 steroid core improves the 17β-HSD3 inhibitory activity in the microsomal fraction of rat testes, but not in whole LNCaP[17β-HSD3] cells. Interestingly, this structural modification enhances 3-fold the metabolic stability in conjunction with a significant cytotoxic effect against pancreatic, ovarian, breast, lung, and prostate cancer cells. Because the inhibitory activity data against 17β-HSD3 suggested that both steroid derivatives are non-competitive inhibitors, we performed docking and molecular dynamics simulations using a homology model of this membrane-associated enzyme. The results of these simulations revealed that both RM-532-105 (1) and FCO-586-119 (5) can compete for the cofactor-binding site displaying better binding energy than NADP+.While the positive effects of exercise on frailty are well documented, the effect of exercise on quality of life (QoL) and activities of daily living (ADL) in frail older adults remains less certain. Therefore, this paper aimed to systematically review the literature investigating the effect of exercise on QoL and ADL in this group. Embase, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PEDro and Web of Science Core Collections were searched systematically using relevant MeSH terms. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/telacebec-q203.html Telacebec] The inclusion criteria were controlled trial design, published in English, population included frail older adults, frailty measured quantitatively, interventions that included exercise, and QoL or ADL measurements (PROSPERO CRD42018106173). After screening, 15 studies were eligible for inclusion in the qualitative synthesis (total n 2467; mean age range 70-85 years). There was a positive effect on QoL or ADL measures in 10 out of the 15 studies. QoL and ADLs only improved in studies that also reported improved physical outcomes. These results reflect the multi-factoral nature of frailty and how physical capability and QoL are interlinked. Heterogeneity precluded formal meta-analysis. Future trials in frail older adults should focus on interventions that include exercise, measure physical outcomes and use consistent study design to enable meta-analysis to be conducted.Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is known to have neuroprotective effects on multiple neurovascular diseases especially poststroke recovery. On the other hand, BDNF reported to increase blood pressure (BP) which is one of the major risk factors for stroke onset. To clarify the conflicting effects on stroke onset, we examined the expression of endogenous BDNF in relation to stroke onset. In addition, we explored the effect of exogenous central BDNF against stroke onset and all-cause mortality as the primary endpoint and BP as the secondary object in hypertensive rats with high-salt diet. In experiment 1, male spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP) were fed a 0.3% (n = 8) or an 8% (n = 22) sodium diet (Na) through 28 days. The SHRSP with 8% Na showed significant increase of stroke onset, all-cause mortality, upregulation of reactive astrocytes, and disruption of blood-brain barrier. BDNF in the rats with 8% Na was significantly upregulated and mainly expressed in reactive astrocytes, whereas phosphorylated tropomyosin-related kinase B did not change by the rich BDNF. In experiment 2, male SHRSP were treated with continuous intracerebroventricular injection of 2.1 μg/day BDNF (n = 10) or the vehicle (Phosphate buffer saline; n = 10) and fed an 8% Na through 24 days. Exogenous central BDNF induced significant increase of BP and heart rate, and exhibited higher stroke onset and all-cause mortality compared with vehicle group. The present study demonstrated that endogenous BDNF were significantly produced in reactive astrocytes in relation to stroke onset regardless of neuroprotection. In addition, exogenous central BDNF increased BP which might be associated with sympathetic nerve activity and provided unfavorable effects on the prognosis of hypertensive rats. As BDNF is still potentially a good candidate for the treatment of neurovascular diseases, we suggest that hypertensive patients need care for the elevation of BP in the clinical trials of BDNF.Trovafloxacin (TVX) is associated with idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI) and inflammation-mediated hepatotoxicity. However, the inflammatory stress-regulated mechanisms in iDILI remain unclear. Herein, we elucidated the novel role of tumor-necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), an inflammatory stress factor, in TVX-induced in vitro hepatotoxicity and synergistic toxicity. TVX specifically induced synergistic toxicity in HepG2 cells with TNFα, which inhibits autophagy. TVX-treated HepG2 cells induced protective autophagy by inhibiting the expression of mTOR signaling proteins, while ATG5 knockdown in HepG2 cells, responsible for the impairment of autophagy, enhanced TVX-induced toxicity due to the increase in cytochrome C release and JNK pathway activation. Interestingly, the expression of mTOR signal proteins, which were suppressed by TVX, disrupted the negative feedback of the PI3K/AKT pathway and TNFα rebounded p70S6K phosphorylation. Co-treatment with TVX and TNFα inhibited protective autophagy by maintaining p70S6K activity, which enhanced TVX-induced cytotoxicity. Phosphorylation of p70S6K was inhibited by siRNA knockdown and rapamycin to restore TNFα-inhibited autophagy, which prevented the synergistic effect on TVX-induced cytotoxicity. These results indicate that TVX activates protective autophagy in HepG2 cells exposed to toxicity and an imbalance in negative feedback regulation of autophagy by TNFα synergistically enhanced the toxicity. The finding from this study may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying iDILI associated with inflammatory stress.