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BACKGROUND Placental or breast milk maternal antibodies can potentially reduce oral rotavirus vaccine efficacy in developing countries. We aimed to examine the relationship between the level of rotavirus specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and neutralising antibodies (NA) in colostrum and breast milk and cord IgG, with cumulative vaccine take following one and three doses of oral RV3-BB rotavirus vaccine within a Phase IIb trial in Indonesia. METHODS 196 infants received three doses of RV3-BB in a randomized, double-blinded trial, using a neonatal schedule (first dose at 0-5&nbsp;days of age, n&nbsp;=&nbsp;61), an infant schedule (first dose at&nbsp;~&nbsp;8&nbsp;weeks of age, n&nbsp;=&nbsp;67) or placebo (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;68). Rotavirus specific IgA and NA in colostrum and breast milk, rotavirus specific cord IgG, Serum IgA and stool excretion were measured. RESULTS There was little evidence of an association between IgA in colostrum or breast milk and cumulative vaccine take after three doses in the neonatal or infant groups. In the neonatal group, there was a negative association between IgG titre in cord blood and cumulative vaccine take (odds ratio [OR] 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-1.00; p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.03) and serum IgA response (OR 0.94; 95%CI 0.89-0.99; p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.02) after one dose of vaccine, which were not evident after three doses in the neonatal or infant groups. CONCLUSIONS Amongst Indonesian infants we did not find an association between IgA in colostrum or breast milk and vaccine take after 3 doses of RV3-BB vaccine. Maternal rotavirus antibodies in breast milk appear to have minimal impact on RV3-BB vaccine take when administered with a short delay in breast-feeding in settings with a high rotavirus disease burden. Mitochondria are well known for their roles as energy and metabolic factory. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) refer to superoxide anion radical (•O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). They are byproducts of electron transport in mitochondrial respiratory chain and are implicated in the regulation of physiological and pathological signal transduction. Especially when mitochondrial •O2-/H2O2 production is disturbed, this disturbance is closely related to the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases. In this review, the sources of mitochondrial •O2-/H2O2 as well as mitochondrial antioxidant mechanisms are summarized. Furthermore, we particularly emphasize the essential role of mitochondrial •O2-/H2O2 in metabolic diseases. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sb-415286.html this website] Specifically, perturbed mitochondrial •O2-/H2O2 regulation aggravates the progression of metabolic diseases, including diabetes, gout and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Given the deleterious effect of mitochondrial •O2-/H2O2 in the development of metabolic diseases, antioxidants targeting mitochondrial •O2-/H2O2 might be an attractive therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. BACKGROUND AND AIMS Advanced age is an important risk factor for adverse events (AEs) during propofol sedation for endoscopic procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of nonanesthesiologist-administered propofol (NAAP) sedation with a target-controlled infusion (TCI) system in elderly patients during ERCP. METHODS This study retrospectively analyzed 482 patients who underwent ERCP under propofol sedation with a TCI system at Iwakuni Medical Center between January 2014 and October 2016. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to their age Group A, less then 70 years (n=130); Group B, ≥70 and less then 85 years (n=224); and Group C, ≥85 years (n=125). We compared the propofol dose and AEs during ERCP. RESULTS The median total infusion dose and minimum and maximum target blood concentrations of propofol were 336 mg, 2.2 μg/mL, and 2.2 μg/mL in Group A, 184 mg, 1.0 μg/mL, and 1.4 μg/mL in Group B, and 99 mg, 0.6 μg/mL, and 1.0 μg/mL in Group C, respectively, with older groups requiring a lower dose (p less then 0.0001). Hypotension was observed in 23 patients (4.8%), with no significant difference between the groups (Group A 2.3%; Group B 6.3%; Group C 4.8%; p=0.24). Hypoxemia was observed in 16 patients (3.3%), with no significant difference between the groups (Group A 3.1%; Group B 4.9%; Group C 0.8%; p=0.17). All AEs were immediately resolved, and no procedures were aborted. CONCLUSION NAAP sedation with a TCI system during ERCP may be acceptable in elderly patients with a lower dose of propofol than that used in younger patients. BACKGROUND In Japan, the severity staging system for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has been used to determine medical care subsidies. However, this system requires invasive procedures to measure arterial oxygen tension. Recently, noninvasive and simple measurements of oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2) have been used for severity assessments. We propose a pulse oximetry saturation (POS) staging system consisting of SpO2 parameters to predict prognosis. METHODS We developed four prototype staging systems based on SpO2 at rest and desaturation, and adopted the system with the highest C-statistic as the POS staging system. The cutoff SpO2 values at rest were 96% and 90%, and desaturation was defined as SpO2 less then 90% at the end of the 6-min-walk test. RESULTS Two-hundred and nineteen IPF patients were studied and the C-statistic values of models 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 0.633, 0.643, 0.630, and 0.673, respectively. We judged model 4 to be a superior POS staging system; it defined SpO2 ≥ 96% at rest without desaturation as stage Ⅰ; SpO2 ≥ 96% at rest with desaturation or SpO2 90%-95% at rest without desaturation as stage Ⅱ; and SpO2 90%-95% at rest with desaturation or SpO2 less then 90% at rest as stage Ⅲ. The hazard ratios of POS stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ were 1.00, 2.25, and 4.99, respectively. The C-statistic of the POS staging system produced from 1000 bootstrap samples was similar (0.673), suggesting good internal validation. CONCLUSION A noninvasive and simple POS staging system defined by SpO2 can easily predict prognosis. AIM To investigate typical features of primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to differentiate it from epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-one patients with PFTC and 35 patients with EOC were included. The clinical and pathological features of patients were analysed. The following MRI features were compared maximal diameter, laterality, configuration, shape, signal intensity, enhancement pattern, hydrosalpinx, intrauterine fluid accumulation, rim enhancement, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values within the solid components of tumours in PFTC and EOC. RESULTS The maximal diameter of PFTC was 4.50±2.10 cm. The shapes of PFTC were mural papillary nodules (2/21, 10%), sausage-like (8/21, 38%), nodular (3/21, 14%), or irregular (8/21, 38%). Enhancement was mild (10/21, 48%), moderate (8/21, 38%), or marked (3/21, 14%). Associated hydrosalpinx and intrauterine fluid accumulation were observed in six (29%) and three (10%) cases, respectively. Significant differences between PFTC and EOC were found in the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, maximal diameter, shape, enhancement pattern, hydrosalpinx, and intrauterine fluid accumulation (p=0.002, 0.004 less then 0.001, less then 0.001, and 0.048, respectively). Rim enhancement was more prevalent, thicker, and exhibited higher continuity in PFTC than in EOC (p=0.002, less then 0.001, and 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Rim enhancement is a useful feature in distinguishing PFTC from EOC, particularly when continuous or seen in combination with a sausage-like shape, hydrosalpinx or intrauterine fluid accumulation. When the tumour is associated with other MRI signs, for example, (i) hydrosalpinx with mural papillary nodules or sausage-like shape with mild-to-moderate enhancement of solid components, (ii) hydrosalpinx, or (iii) intrauterine fluid accumulation, the diagnosis of PFTC should be considered. OBJECTIVES Emerging evidence supports sequential therapy with anabolic followed by antiresorptive in patients at high-risk of fragility fractures. This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of sequential treatment with abaloparatide (ABL) followed by alendronate (ALN) [(ABL/ALN)] compared to ALN monotherapy and to sequential treatment starting with antiresorptive therapy (ALN/ABL/ALN). METHODS A previously validated Markov microsimulation model was used to estimate the cost-effectiveness of sequential ABL/ALN compared to ALN monotherapy and to sequential ALN/ABL/ALN from a lifetime US payer perspective. In line with practice guidelines, patients were assumed to receive ABL for 18 months followed by 5 years of ALN, or ALN monotherapy for 5 years, or a sequence of ALN for 2 years followed by 18 months of ABL and then by 3 years ALN. Evaluation was conducted for patients aged 50-80 years old with a BMD T-score ≤-3.5 and without a history of prior fracture, or with a T-score between -2.5 and -3.5 and a history of ≥ 1 osteoporotic fracture. RESULTS Sequential ABL/ALN was cost-effective (threshold of US$150,000 per QALY) vs generic ALN monotherapy in women ≥60 years with a BMD T-score ≤-3.5 and in women with BMD T-score between -2.5 and -3.5 and history of osteoporotic fracture. In all simulated populations, sequential ABL/ALN therapy was dominant (lower costs, more QALYs) compared with sequential ALN/ABL/ALN, resulting from limited effect of ABL in patients previously treated with an antiresorptive agent. CONCLUSIONS Sequential ABL/ALN therapy is cost-effective vs ALN monotherapy for US postmenopausal women aged ≥60 years at increased risk of fractures. This article outlines practical steps that businesses can take now to prepare for a pandemic. Given the current growing spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world, it is imperative that businesses review their pandemic plans and be prepared in case this epidemic expands and affects more people and communities. Preparing for a potential infectious disease pandemic from influenza or a novel corona virus is an essential component of a business continuity plan, especially for businesses that provide critical healthcare and infrastructure services. Although many businesses and organisations have a pandemic plan or address pandemic preparedness in their business continuity plans, few have recently tested and updated their plans. Pandemics can not only interrupt an organisation's operations and compromise long-term viability of an enterprise, but also disrupt the provision of critical functions. Businesses that regularly test and update their pandemic plan can significantly reduce harmful impacts to the business, play a key role in protecting employees' and customers' health and safety, and limit the negative impact of a pandemic on the community and economy.Endovascular microcatheter-based intraarterial (ophthalmic artery) chemotherapy is becoming widely used for the clinical treatment of intraocular retinoblastoma due to its apparent increased efficacy compared with traditional intravenous chemotherapy; however local ocular complications are not uncommon. Carboplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent used in both intravenous and intraarterial chemotherapy. We used rabbits to assess pharmacokinetics and ocular and systemic toxicity after intraarterial carboplatin infusion. Subsequent to unilateral intraarterial administration of carboplatin, severe unilateral or bilateral periocular edema occurred in 6 adult male New Zealand white rabbits. Time to onset varied from less than 4 h after administration (n = 3, 50 mg) to approximately 24 h afterward (n = 3, 25 mg). After becoming symptomatic, 5 of the 6 animals were promptly euthanized, and the remaining animal (25 mg treatment) was medically managed for 4 d before being euthanized due to intractable edema-related lagophthalmos.