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A nap, but not quiet wake, induced a local sEEG decrease of theta power by 33% (SE 8%, p = 0.02), renormalized test performance (70.9% ± 2.9% vs 79.1% ± 2.7%, p = 0.018, Cohen's d = 0.85), and improved learning ability in ROT (adaptation rate 71.2 ± 1.2 vs. 73.4 ± 0.9, p = 0.024; Cohen's d = 0.60). Thus, sleep is necessary to restore plasticity-induced fatigue and performance.<br /><br /> Giant fusiform and dolichoectatic aneurysms of the basilar trunk and vertebrobasilar junction (BTVBJ-GFDA) are extremely difficult to treat.<br /><br /> To evaluate factors influencing survival and outcome of BTVBJ-GFDA by performing a retrospective multicenter cohort study.<br /><br /> A total of 32 patients with BTVBJ-GFDA were included in this study. Clinicopathological characteristics, treatment measures, and outcomes were collected from medical records and imaging studies. Autopsy and histological findings of the aneurysm and adjacent brain tissue were also obtained in 9 cases.<br /><br /> A total of 11 patients did not undergo surgery, of whom 10 died; 3 from progressive brainstem compression, 4 from subarachnoid hemorrhage, 2 from brainstem infarction, and 1 from associated atherosclerotic disease. The remaining 21 patients underwent a surgical treatment, consisting of immediately proximal parent artery occlusion, remotely proximal parent artery occlusion, clip reconstruction, and distal bypass and achieved significantly longer oating vessel collaterals.<br /><br /> Conventional surgical approaches used in the management of thoracic disc herniation (TDH) are associated with high morbidity. The development of minimally invasive and mini-open approaches has consistently improved patient outcomes.<br /><br /> To report our experience and outcomes of patients with symptomatic TDHs who underwent discectomy and partial corpectomy using the mini-open retropleural (MORP) approach as well as provide a detailed and illustrated technical description of the approach.<br /><br /> Retrospective chart review was performed on all patients with symptomatic TDHs who underwent a MORP approach at a tertiary academic center between 2011 and 2019. Patient demographic, clinical, and imaging data were examined (n=33). The surgical technique is illustrated and described in detail.<br /><br /> Discectomy of the herniated thoracic discs was successfully achieved in all patients using the MORP approach. Calcified discs were present in 63.6% (n=21) of patients. Immediate instrumentation and fusion were performed in 30.3% (n=10) of patients, which were among the earlier cases in this series. Symptomatic pleural effusions and cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in 6.1% (n=2) and 9.1% (n=3), respectively. No patient required chest tube placement.<br /><br /> The MORP approach described in this manuscript is feasible and safe in achieving discectomy in patients with symptomatic TDHs. Compared to conventional open and other minimally invasive approaches, patients undergoing the MORP approach may have better outcomes with lower complication rates.<br /><br />The MORP approach described in this manuscript is feasible and safe in achieving discectomy in patients with symptomatic TDHs. Compared to conventional open and other minimally invasive approaches, patients undergoing the MORP approach may have better outcomes with lower complication rates.Proof-of-principle for large-scale engineering of edible muscle tissue, in vitro, was established with the product's introduction in 2013. Subsequent research and commentary on the potential for cell-based meat to be a viable food option and potential alternative to conventional meat have been significant. While some of this has focused on the biology and engineering required to optimize the manufacturing process, a majority of debate has focused on cultural, environmental, and regulatory considerations. Animal scientists and others with expertise in muscle and cell biology, physiology, and meat science have contributed to the knowledge base that has made cell-based meat possible and will continue to have a role in the future of the new product. Importantly, the successful introduction of cell-based meat that looks and tastes like conventional meat at a comparable price has the potential to displace and/or complement conventional meat in the marketplace.Cultured meat grown in vitro from animal cells has the potential to address many of the ethical, environmental, and public health issues associated with conventional meat production. However, as well as overcoming technical challenges to producing cultured meat, producers and advocates of the technology must consider a range of social issues, including consumer appeal and acceptance, media coverage, religious status, regulation, and potential economic impacts. Whilst much has been written on the prospects for consumer appeal and acceptance of cultured meat, less consideration has been given to the other aspects of the social world that will interact with this new technology. Here, each of these issues is considered in turn, forming a view of cultured meat as a technology with a diverse set of societal considerations and far-reaching social implications. It is argued that the potential gains from a transition to cultured meat are vast, but that cultural phenomena and institutions must be navigated carefully for this nascent industry to meet its potential.<br /><br /> Generating publication ready plots to display multiple genomic tracks can pose a serious challenge. Making desirable and accurate figures requires considerable effort. This is usually done by hand or by using a vector graphic software.<br /><br /> pyGenomeTracks (PGT) is a modular plotting tool that easily combines multiple tracks. It enables a reproducible and standardized generation of highly customizable and publication ready images.<br /><br /> PGT is available through a graphical interface on https//usegalaxy.eu and through the command line. It is provided on conda via the bioconda channel, on pip and it is openly developed on github https//github.com/deeptools/pyGenomeTracks.<br /><br /> Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.<br /><br />Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.We studied five chemically distinct but related 1,3,5-triazine antifolates with regard to their effects on growth of a set of mutants in dihydrofolate reductase. The mutants comprise a combinatorially complete data set of all 16 possible combinations of four amino acid replacements associated with resistance to pyrimethamine in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Pyrimethamine was a mainstay medication for malaria for many years, and it is still in use in intermittent treatment during pregnancy or as a partner drug in artemisinin combination therapy. Our goal was to investigate the extent to which the alleles yield similar adaptive topographies and patterns of epistasis across chemically related drugs. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jhu395.html learn more] We find that the adaptive topographies are indeed similar with the same or closely related alleles being fixed in computer simulations of stepwise evolution. For all but one of the drugs the topography features at least one suboptimal fitness peak. Our data are consistent with earlier results indicating that third order and higher epistatic interactions appear to contribute only modestly to the overall adaptive topography, and they are largely conserved.