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Such results hint at an enhanced glutamatergic function in NAc and increased excitability of VTA DA neurons in maternally separated mice. Altogether, our results suggest that MSEW induces molecular alterations in the brain areas related to reward processing, increasing the vulnerability to depression and cocaine-seeking behaviour. © 2020 Society for the Study of Addiction.Solubilization locations play a critical role in developing advanced surfactants and improving solubilization power in micelle-based applications. However, the current polarity-based techniques for measuring solubilization locations could come to conflicting conclusions. The key challenge is the unpredictable polarities in the micellar microenvironment. Herein, we introduced an approach, independent of micellar polarities, to measure solubilization locations by covalently linking tetraphenylethylene (TPE) to the alkyl chain end of cationic surfactants. The solubilization locations of solubilized acceptors in the TPE-cored spherical micelles were accurately measured by calculating the Förster resonance energy transfer distance between anchored TPE donors and solubilized acceptors. We concluded that solubilization locations of solubilized substances in the micellar interior and at the micellar surface depend on their size and hydrophobicity, respectively. Our findings open up enormous opportunities in understanding and controlling solubilization locations, and offer great promise for micelle-based applications. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim.At present, there is scarce information regarding the global prevalence of chronic liver disease in individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease, which is becoming a global pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess the overall prevalence of chronic liver disease among patients with COVID-19 disease by meta-analysing data in observational studies and to investigate the relationship between liver damage and COVID-19 disease. We included 11 observational studies for a total of 2034 adult individuals (median age 49&nbsp;years [IQR 45-54], 57.2% men). The overall prevalence of chronic liver disease at baseline was 3% (95% CI 2%-4%; I2 &nbsp;=&nbsp;29.1%). Individuals with severe COVID-19 disease had relevant alterations of liver enzymes and coagulative profile, probably due to the innate immune response against the virus. Further studies are needed to better investigate the causes of liver injury in patients with COVID-19 disease and the effect of treatment for COVID-19 on the liver. © 2020 John Wiley &amp; Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.Lignin, an underutilized lignocellulosic component, is regarded as a rich reservoir for the production of aromatic chemicals and fuels. Despite extensive researches in recent years, the fully unlocking lignin's potential is far from being achieved. Photocatalysis that uses sustainable solar energy to drive lignin conversion under mild conditions has been identified as a promising strategy and received growing research interest. The purpose of this review is to present a critical introduction to the photocatalytic conversion of lignin, including a summary of lignin conversion pathways and mechanisms, and the latest cutting-edge innovations on photocatalyst design and reactor construction. Moreover, the screening of solvents and regulation of other key factors that are involved in lignin photocatalytic conversion are also elucidated. Future perspectives and challenges on photocatalytic conversion of lignin to valuable products are provided finally. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cathepsin-g-inhibitor-i.html Cathepsin G Inhibitor I in vivo] © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim.We propose here the strategy of using Ge sesquioxide [O1.5GeCH2CH2CO2H]n (2-carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide, 2-CEGS), in lieu of GeO2, as a promising, energy-intensive, and stable new source system for building lithium-ion anodes. Due to the presence of the organic substituent, the formed polymer has a 1D or a 2D space organization, which facilitates the reversible penetration of lithium into its structure. 2-Carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide is common and commercially available, completely safe and non-toxic, insoluble in organic solvents (which is important for batteries use) but soluble in water (which is convenient for manufacturing diverse materials from it). This paper reports on preparing its micro- (flower-shaped agglomerates of ~1 μm thick plates) and nano-forms (needle-shaped 2-CEGS nanoparticles of ~500 × (50-80) nm) using common methods available in laboratory and industry such as vacuum and freeze-drying of aqueous solutions of 2-CEGS. The lithium half-cells anodes based on 2-CEGS show a capacity of ~400 mA h g-1 for microforms and up to 700 mA h g-1 for nano-forms, which is almost two times higher than the maximal theoretical capacity of graphite. These anodes are stable during the cycling at various rates. The results of DFT simulation suggest that Li atoms form the stable Li2O with the oxygen atoms of 2-CEGS, and actual charge-discharge cycle involves deoxygenated GeC3H5 molecules. Thus, С3 chains loosen the anode structure compared to pure Ge improving its ability to accommodate Li ions. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim.The chemical use of CO2 as inexpensive, non-toxic C1 synthon is of utmost topical interest towards a carbon capture and utilization (CCU) strategy. We present the merger of cobalt catalysis and electrochemical synthesis for mild catalytic carboxylations of allylic chlorides with CO2. Styrylacetic acid derivatives were obtained with moderate to good yields and good functional group tolerance. The thus-obtained products are useful as versatile synthons to γ-arylbutyrolactones. Cyclic voltammetry and in-operando kinetic analysis were performed to provide mechanistic insights into the electrocatalytic carboxylation with CO2. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim.We have developed a general and site-predictable manganese-catalyzed hydroarylation of internal alkynes in the presence of water, under an air atmosphere without the involvement of ligand. The unique catalytic feature of this reaction is highlighted by comparison with other widely used transition metal catalysts including palladium, rhodium, nickel or copper. The simple operation, high efficiency and excellent functional group compatibility make this protocol to be practical for more than 90 structurally diverse internal alkynes, overcoming the influence of both electronic and steric effect of alkynes. Its exclusive regio- and chemoselectivity originates from the unique reactivity of the manganese-based catalyst towards an inherent double controlled strategy of sterically hindered propargyl alcohols without the installing of external directing groups. Its synthetic robustness and practicality have been illustrated by the concise synthesis of bervastatin, a hypolipidemic drug, and late-stage modification of complex alkynes with precise regioselectivity.