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So what can tissue manage within smooth tissue about small amount of time scales?<br /><br />ATP-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression in fish by degrading the available ATP levels in the extracellular milieu. Origanum sp. is a very common genus of aromatic plants worldwide distributed around the Mediterranean area and O. vulgare (oregano) is the most important species of this genus throughout the world. Due the known medicinal properties of oregano, the effect of diets enriched with 0% (control), 0.5% and 1% oregano leaves powder was studied on the growth, immune and antioxidant status of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish fed with oregano 0.5% and 1% enriched diets improved both humoral (IgM and bactericidal activity in skin mucus and protease activity in serum) and cellular (head kidney leucocytes phagocytic ability) immunity at 15 and 30 days. Furthermore, the addition of oregano did not provoke any significant effect neither in the growth promotion nor in the liver antioxidant enzymes activity studied in the serum and skin mucus. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/a2ti-2.html A2ti-2 concentration] The possibility of using O. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/a2ti-2.html A2ti-2 concentration] vulgare as a functional additive to fish diet is discussed. Orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) is among the most economically important of all fish species farmed in Asia. This species expresses an antimicrobial peptide called epinecidin-1 (EPI), which is considered to be a host defense factor due to its strong bacterial killing activity. Antimicrobial peptides usually possess both bacterial killing and immunomodulatory activity, however, the modulatory activity of EPI on Gram-positive bacterial lipoteichoic acids (LTA)-induced inflammation has not been previously reported. In this study, we found that EPI effectively suppressed LTA-induced production of proinflammatory factors in macrophages. Mechanistically, EPI attenuated LTA-induced inflammation by inhibiting Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 internalization and subsequent downstream signaling (reactive oxygen species, Akt, p38 and Nuclear factor κB). However, protein abundance of TLR2 was not altered by EPI or LTA. Taken together, our findings reveal for the first time that EPI possesses inhibitory activity toward LTA-induced inflammation in macrophages. The present study was investigated the dietary administration of cassic acid (CA) on growth, innate immunity, transcription profiles of estrogen and follicle-stimulating hormones as well as lysozyme enzyme determined in Clarias gariepinus against Edwardsiella tarda. The weight gain (WG), protein efficacy ratio (PER), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly improved in infected fish fed dietary administration with CA at 5 and 10&nbsp;mg&nbsp;kg-1 diets. The survival is higher (96.7% and 98.3%) in the infected groups fed at 5 and 10&nbsp;mg&nbsp;kg-1&nbsp;CA diets. The red (RBC) and white (WBC) blood cells, hemoglobin (Hb), and packed cell volume (PCV) was found significantly high in the infected fish feeding at 5 and 10&nbsp;mg&nbsp;kg-1&nbsp;CA diets. Total protein and albumin were significantly increased with 5 and 10&nbsp;mg&nbsp;kg-1&nbsp;CA diets among weeks 1-4 while the globulin and albumin globulin ratio increased of these diet only after week 2. The phagocytic and respiratory burst activities were enhanced statistically the infected fish fed atLyz) mRNA was up-regulation amongst weeks 1-4 of these diets. The present study suggested that E. tarda challenged fish after feeding with 5 and 10&nbsp;mg&nbsp;kg-1&nbsp;CA diets did not affect growth and hemato-biochemical parameter, but it enhanced nonspecific immune system and improving ERα, FSH-β, c-Lyz, and g-Lyz mRNA expression in C. gariepinus against E. tarda. INTRODUCTION Gallic acid (GA) is a natural endogenous polyphenol found in a variety of fruits, vegetables and wines, with beneficial effects on the energetic homeostasis. AIM The present study aimed to investigate oral gallic acid effects on liver steatosis and hepatic lipogenesis markers in obese mice evaluating new possible molecular related mechanisms. METHODS Twenty-four Swiss male mice were divided into four groups and fed for 60&nbsp;days with standard diet (ST), standard diet plus gallic acid (ST&nbsp;+&nbsp;GA), high-fat diet (HFD), and high-fat diet plus gallic acid (HFD&nbsp;+&nbsp;GA). We evaluated the relationship between body weight, food intake and serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, aspartate and alanine transaminases. Liver histology was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. These results were accompanied by bioinformatics analyses. The acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression was assessed by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS The main findings of the present study showed that GA reduced liver steatosis, body weight and plasma insulin levels. Analyzes of hepatic steatosis related genes expression showed that ACC and FAS mRNA were significantly suppressed in liver of HFD&nbsp;+&nbsp;GA mice. These data was corroborated by bioinformatics analysis. CONCLUSION These data suggest an important clinical application of GA in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. Aging is typically associated with a decline in whole animal performance that ultimately contributes to death. It is suspected that a decline in ATP production leads to dysfunction in cellular processes, contributing to the decline in performance. Birds require large amounts of ATP to support physiological process, especially flight, which is one of the most energetically expensive forms of locomotion in the animal kingdom to sustain. Since the bulk of ATP production is coordinated through mitochondrial activity, we set out to explore mitochondrial function in young (~8&nbsp;months) and old (~73&nbsp;months) zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). We exploited the fact that avian red blood cells (RBCs) are nucleated and have functional mitochondria to explore the phenomenon of age-related decline in mitochondrial function without the need for terminal sampling. We found that RBCs from old zebra finches have lower flux control ratios (mitochondrial O2 consumption attributed to ATP production; 0.29-0.36-fold), exhibit higher respiration (1.4-fold), and significantly higher citrate synthase activity (1.4-fold) than young birds. Respiration rates normalized to citrate synthase activity suggest that mitochondrial quality is changing, as leak state is significantly lower (0.39-fold) in old zebra finches in comparison to young animals. Overall, our findings indicate a possible change in the function of mitochondria in older zebra finches, which may be associated with a corresponding increase in mitochondrial quantity, possibly to offset a decline in mitochondrial quality.