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The clinical trials validating these markers have been promising but have yet to show a clear benefit in brain tumors. This identification of alternative methods to address these markers or identify additional targets may be the key to the fight against this disease. The molecular targeting of glioblastoma pathways may have significant impact on disease control and patient survival.The aim of this narrative review was to provide an update on the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for breast carcinoma (BC). Relevant studies published between 01/01/1994 and 15/08/2020 assessing the accuracy and the usefulness of SLNB were reviewed. SLNB was first used in 1977 for penile cancers. However, it took 17 years to enter in clinical practice for BC. The first procedures were based on two methods of non-specific marking of LN vmacrophages using a radioisotope (99mTc) and a blue dye (BD, Isosulfan, Patent or Methylene). To overcome side effects of radioisotopes (radiation exposure) and BD (allergic reactions), innovative tracers such as indocyanine green (ICG), superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO), and microbubbles have been explored. The SLN intraoperative examination is no longer performed, due to its low impact on the rate of reoperation and high time and cost of surgery. Likewise, immunohistochemistry, which can lead to an unnecessary ALND in some cases of occult metastases, is no more recmultidisciplinary training and having gained the necessary experience.Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumors constituting approximately one third of all primary brain tumors. It affects mainly elderly population with increased incidence older than 65 years of age and more woman than man. It usually follows a benign course with a fairly good outcome and the surgery and or radiation therapy remain the standard of care. The prognosis remains excellent for grade I meningiomas with 10-year overall survival greater than 90%. However, although the most of the meningiomas, especially for grade I, can be cured by surgery alone, for grades II and III recurrent meningiomas, they become a clinical challenge as there are no clear standard treatment options available after re-resection or re-irradiation therapy. Prognosis is particularly poor for grade III meningiomas with 10- year overall survival of 33%. Many chemotherapeutic agents and hormonal therapies have been tried with only modest benefits. Recent advances in molecular genetic profiling and diagnostic tools greatly enhanced our understanding of the complex pathways and it opened an opportunity for potential targeted therapies for specific markers. Clinical trial results from sunitinib [multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)], bevacizumab (VEGF inhibitor), everolimus (mTOR inhibitor) and bevacizumab revealed some promising tumor response in recurrent meningiomas. Currently, many clinical trials including targeted therapies, antiangiogenic agents and immunotherapies are being investigated or under consideration.Liver transplantation is an exemplar model of complex surgery and the only curative option for patients with end-stage liver disease. Although historically associated with poor outcomes, liver cancer management has also been revolutionised with liver transplantation and in some instances, survival outcomes are comparable to surgical resection. As such, the key elements underpinning the major advances in surgical technique, immunological therapies and allocation policies combined with improved patient and graft survival outcomes have created a huge demand for organ donation. Despite improvements in donor and recipient selection, there is a persistent disparity between organ supply and demand. Candidate wait-list mortality and dropout rates remain problematic and this concern has resulted in increased efforts to expand the donor pool to meet the unmet needs of the population. This is even more challenging when coupled with an ever-growing recipient pool, candidate waiting lists and an ageing population. Over the past two decades, there has been a considerable focus on extended criteria organs, donations after cardiac death and alternative avenues for marginal liver use. With careful donor selection and recipient matching, these livers may help bridge the gap between supply and demand and placate the ever-expanding recipient pool. Here, we present a summary of recent developments by the transplant community addressing the issues of a growing donor and recipient pool.Lymph node removal as a part of surgical management is a standard of care in vulvar cancer patients. Due to patient morbidities and difficulties in treatment of inguinal healing after lymph nodes removal, lymphatic mapping has emerged as an increasingly popular option over the past few years. At this time several different techniques have been described and variety of different dyes were used. In addition, an important aspect of the use of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) technique is the removal of a limited number of lymph nodes, which allows more detailed pathological examination. Moreover, the interpretation of pathological ultra-staging of SLNs, which can identify low-volume metastases for which the clinical significance and the ideal management, remain uncertain. Despite differences in techniques and dyes used, this minimally invasive procedure is currently recommended as an alternative to full inguinofemoral lymph node dissection in selected cases by all major international societies. As for now SLN concept became a standard of care in vulvar cancer. This technique, though simple as a concept, requires a learning curve and should only be used in expert centers. This article provides a review on literature on SLN technique in vulvar cancer, current recommendations and future lines of investigation.Aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare, life-threatening syndrome of bone marrow failure resulted from bone marrow hypoplasia or aplasia, leading to pancytopenia (not only anemia). [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ex229-compound-991.html read more] The most common cause is an autoimmune reaction of T lymphocytes against hematopoietic stem cells or, less frequently, a congenital defect or acquired damage to these cells, which leads to inhibition of their division and differentiation. AA can develop quickly (within a few days) or slowly (several weeks or months). The signs and symptoms are related to anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. The concepts of treatment of patients with AA have significantly evolved in recent years. This is due to improved outcomes of both family and unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HSCTs) as well as to revised results of immunosuppressive therapy (IST). The choice of the method depends essentially on three factors the severity of AA, the age of the patient, matched sibling donor. All patients diagnosed with AA require appropriate supportive treatment adapted to the current clinical situation.