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Importantly, 4K endoscope enhanced the reliability of intraoperative judgement on extent of resection, significantly reducing unexpected residuals (12.8% vs 33.3% for HD). Operative features and clinical outcomes were similar. CONCLUSIONS The HD endoscope remains the standard-of-care for pituitary surgery. The 4K enhanced, "immersive" visualization significantly improved the reliability of surgeon's judgment on resection and might be useful in surgically difficult cases.BACKGROUND The incidence of asymptomatic colloid cysts is increasing due to the widespread use of neuroimaging tools. According to previous works, familial forms (within first-degree relatives) represent 5-25% of the cases, and it is not clear whether they display specific features influencing the clinical behavior of the disease. METHODS We reviewed the literature to extract data from papers dealing with familial colloid cysts. For comparison, previous series dealing with the natural history of sporadic cases were identified. Also, we present two more cases of familiar colloid cysts from our experience. RESULTS Fifty-one patients (23 reports, plus our cases) were analyzed. Familial cases showed a younger age at diagnosis (p=0.02) and fewer asymptomatic cases (p less then 0.001) compared to non- familial colloid cysts. The odds ratio and relative risk of needing surgery with a positive family history for surgical cyst removal were respectively 17.5 (CI 1.6 - 197.4) and 1.9 (CI 0.71 - 5.1). Screening of other family members identified further colloid cysts in 4% of families. CONCLUSIONS Familial colloid cysts show a higher percentage of younger and symptomatic patients compared to non-familiar forms. A positive family history for surgical evacuation is a predictor for a similar outcome. This could indicate a predisposition to an earlier formation and faster growth, and the need for a stricter follow-up in asymptomatic patients. If confirmed in the future, this could suggest a review of the criteria for cyst treatment and extend the surgical indication to asymptomatic familial cases.BACKGROUND This study evaluates the effects of training (on running distance measured with a Cooper test) in 3 weeks in non-professional athletes using PycnoRacer®, a fitness drink (FD) including Pycnogenol® during the training period. METHODS Pycnogenol® has been used in preclinical conditions and prevention. PycnoRacer® is a liquid combination of Pycnogenol® (15 mg), L-leucine (0.6 g), L-arginine (0.3 g), L-isoleucine (0.3 g), and L-valine (0.3 g). Two comparable groups (one using the FD) were formed 60 training athletes were requested to drink one bottle 4 times/day, while 65 controls did not use PycnoRacer® or other comparable sports drinks. All subjects had a strong athletic background and advanced knowledge of the procedures of the tests. Two daily training sessions were completed. The sessions consisted in warming up and running a Cooper test. RESULTS 125 subjects completed the three weeks according to plans. There were nine dropouts due to logistical or working problems. Subjects using the FD improveds.We describe the infections that appeared in the life and work of John Donne (1572-1631), the English metaphysical poet, mainly the exanthematic typhus that suffered and gave arise to his work Devotions upon emergent occasions, and several steps in my sickness. We discuss the vector of transmission of this disease, in comparison of other infections in that period, that Donne´s scholars have related to the flea without mentioning the body louse, the true vector of the exanthematic typhus. Likewise, we mention the exanthematic typhus´s symptoms in his Devotions in comparison with the Luis de Toro´s or Alfonso López de Corella´s works, Spanish doctors in those times and the first doctors in write books about the disease, and the singular treatment of pigeon carcasses on the soles of the feet in English Doctors but not in Spanish Doctors. [https://www.selleckchem.com/ selleck] ©The Author 2020. Published by Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)(https//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).Background Regardless to notable reduction of child deaths worldwide over the last 30 years, the proportion of neonatal mortality in total child mortality is increasing. Aims Trends analysis of neonatal mortality in Serbia. Study design Observational descriptive surveillance system evaluation study. Methods Join-point regression was used to analyze neonatal mortality data for the 1997-2016 period, obtained from the Statistical Office of Serbia. Results Trend in neonatal mortality rate (NMR) decreased significantly, by -5.6% (95% CI -6.5 to -4.6) per year from 1997 to 2007, and by -2.6% (95% CI -3.7 to -1.5) per year from 2007 to 2016. NMR from certain conditions originating in the perinatal period decreased by -6.2% (95% CI -7.5 to -4.9) per year in the 1997-2006 period and by -1.9% (95% CI -3.1 to -0.7) per year yearly in the 2006-2016 period. Among these conditions, disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight, not elsewhere classified, showed an upward trend by 8.5% (95% CI 6.2 to 10.8) per year during the entire study period. From 1997 to 2016, a significant decrease in NMR was detected in cases of congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities, by -5.0% (95% CI -6.1 to -4.0) per year. NMR for cases of symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified, decreased by -8.1% (95% CI -11.0 to -5.2) yearly. Conclusions In the 1997-2016 period, neonatal mortality in Serbia decreased, with the exception of disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight, whose prevention should be therefore given the highest public health priority.PURPOSE To evaluate the influence of maternal gestational hypertension (GH) on retinal thickness of 5-6-year-old children, including macular thickness, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness. METHODS As part of Nanjing Eye Study, comprehensive ocular examinations were conducted in children aged 61-72&nbsp;months, including noncycloplegic refraction, ocular biometric parameters and retinal parameters. Retinal thickness was measured by Spectral Domain-Optical Coherence Tomography. Data on pregnancy and birth history were obtained from a detailed questionnaire completed by parents. RESULTS Among 1062 children [mean age (standard deviation) 66.9 (3.4) months] with complete from eye examination and questionnaire, 30 (2.8%) children were born with maternal GH. In generalized linear models (adjusted for sex, age, spherical equivalent, axial length, body mass index, birth weight and premature history), children born with maternal GH had thinner average RNFL thickness (100.