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84 and 0.79, 0.77, and 0.74, respectively, as compared with 0.81, 0.79, and 0.76 for Kaplan-Meier prognostication using the 8th edition of the TNM staging system. Conclusions We have developed parsimonious models for predicting the absolute risks of metastatic death from choroidal melanoma that take into account competing causes of death and which compare favorably with the current version of the TNM staging system. There is a need for further studies to validate the use of these models in situations where use of the TNM or LUMPO is not possible.Purpose We compared the change in the state of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) between highly myopic eyes and non-highly myopic eyes using age- and sex-matched patients. Methods Six hundred eyes of 600 patients with high myopia (axial length &gt; 26.0 mm) or without high myopia were enrolled into each of six age categories with 50 eyes each (1) 20 to 29 years, (2) 30 to 39 years, (3) 40 to 49 years, (4) 50 to 59 years, (5) 60 to 69 years, and (6) 70 to 79 years. The PVD status was evaluated using swept-source optical coherence tomography and classified into five stages 0 (no PVD), 1 (paramacular PVD), 2 (perifoveal PVD), 3 (peripapillary PVD), and 4 (complete PVD). Results In the high myopia and non-high myopia groups, the mean PVD stage increased significantly with the age category (P less then 0.0001). The PVD stage was significantly greater in the high myopia group than in the non-high myopia group in all age categories (P ≤ 0.0395). In the age groups of patients 50 to 59 years old and 60 to 69 years old, complete PVD was detected in 54.0% and 73.9% of eyes, respectively, in the high myopia group and in 14.0% and 44.0% of eyes, respectively,in the non-high myopia group. Abnormal PVD characteristics of pathologic myopia were detected in 1.7% of eyes in the high myopia group. Conclusions We precisely revealed, using age- and sex-matched patients, that partial PVD, including paramacular, perifoveal, and peripapillary PVD, and complete PVD develop at a significantly younger age in highly myopic eyes compared with non-highly myopic eyes, suggesting that PVD-related retinal pathologies occur younger in highly myopic patients.Purpose To examine the extent of visual function abnormality outside the dark lesion on short-wavelength fundus autofluorescence (SW-AF), and its correlation with background SW-AF features and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1). Methods Forty-nine eyes of 25 participants in the ProgStar (the Natural History of the Progression of Atrophy Secondary to Stargardt Disease) study at our center were included. Patients underwent microperimetry (both threshold and dense scotoma mapping), OCT, SW-AF, and visual acuity testing. The Fisher's exact test, the χ2 test, and unpaired t-tests were used to analyze the data. Results Of 40 eyes without central fixation, 33 (82%) placed fixation remote (most ≥5°) from the dense scotoma edge, despite good intervening retinal sensitivity. OCT findings accounted for the remote fixation in 75%. Eighteen (37%) of all 49 eyes had dense scotoma extending past the dark lesion border. OCT was not adequate to define the edge of the scotoma. Of the 49 eyes, 28 (57%) had the mottled background pattern, 10 (20%) had the uniform pattern, and 11 (22%) had the other pattern, with &gt;75% of eyes in each pattern having remote fixation. The dense scotoma exceeded the dark lesion primarily in the mottled pattern. The two eyes of each patient were concordant in all features. Conclusions Functional abnormalities in STGD1 extend past the SW-AF dark lesion. The disruption of the ellipsoid zone shows that photoreceptor abnormality extends peripheral to the dark lesion, and it explains in part the remote fixation pattern and the dense scotoma exceeding the dark lesion. This has implications for clinical trials for STGD1.ZINC FINGER OF Arabidopsis thaliana12 (ZAT12) plays an important role in stress responses, but the transcriptional regulation of ZAT12 in response to abiotic stress remain unclear. In this study, we confirmed that a SALT TOLERANCE ZINC FINGER1 transcription factor from Populus euphratica (PeSTZ1) could regulate the expression of PeZAT12 by Dual-Luciferase Reporter (DLR) Assay and Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA). The expression of PeSTZ1 was rapidly induced by NaCl and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatments. Overexpressing PeSTZ1 in poplar 84&nbsp;K (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa) plant was endowed with a strong tolerance to salt stress. Under salt stress, transgenic poplar exhibited higher expression levels of PeZAT12 and accumulated a larger amount of antioxidant than the wild type (WT) plants. Meanwhile, ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE2 (PeAPX2) can be activated by PeZAT12 and PeSTZ1, promoting the accumulation of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) under salt stress. This new regulatory model (PeSTZ1-PeZAT12-PeAPX2) was found in poplar, providing a new idea and insight for the interpretation of poplar resistance. Transgenic poplar reduced the accumulation of ROS, restrained the degradation of chlorophyll, and guaranteed the photosynthesis and electron transport system. On the other hand, transgenic poplar slickly adjusted K+/Na+ homeostasis to alleviate salt toxicity in photosynthetic organs of plants under salt stress, and then increased biomass accumulation. In summary, PeSTZ1 confers salt stress tolerance by scavenging the accumulation of ROS through regulating the expression of PeZAT12and PeAPX2 in poplar. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permission@oup.com.When visual objects shift rapidly across the retina, they produce motion blur. Intra-saccadic visual signals, caused incessantly by our own saccades, are thought to be eliminated at early stages of visual processing. Here we investigate whether they are still available to the visual system and could-in principle-be used as cues for localizing objects as they change locations on the retina. Using a high-speed projection system, we developed a trans-saccadic identification task in which brief but continuous intra-saccadic object motion was key to successful performance. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Tretinoin(Aberela).html Renova] Observers made a saccade to a target stimulus that moved rapidly either up or down, strictly during the eye movement. Just as the target reached its final position, an identical distractor stimulus appeared on the opposite side, resulting in a display of two identical stimuli upon saccade landing. Observers had to identify the original target using the only available clue the target's intra-saccadic movement. In an additional replay condition, we presented the observers' own intra-saccadic retinal stimulus trajectories during fixation.