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The amounts and composition of metal sulfides formed during soil flooding vary with soils, and the oxidative dissolution of CdS is affected by both the free radical and voltaic effects offered by different metal sulfides. These effects are also applicable to the biogeochemistry of other chalcophile trace elements coupled with sulfur and iron redox cycles during the anoxic-oxic transition in many environments.Electrochemical tracking of redox-inactive neurochemicals remain a challenge due to chemical inertness, almost no Faraday electron transfer for these species, and the complex brain atmosphere. In this work, we demonstrate a low-cost, simple-making liquid/liquid interface microsensor (LLIM) to monitor redox-inactive neurochemicals in the rat brain. Taking choline (Ch) as an example, based on the difference in solvation energies of Ch in cerebrospinal fluid (aqueous phase) and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE; organic phase), Ch is recognized in the specific ion-transfer potential and distinctive ion-transfer current signals. The LLIM has an excellent response to Ch with good linearity and selectivity, and the detection limit is 0.37 μM. The LLIM can monitor the dynamics of Ch in the cortex of the rat brain by both local microinfusion and intraperitoneal injection of Ch. This work first demonstrates that the LLIM can be successfully applied in the brain and obtain electrochemical signals in such a sophisticated system, allowing one new perspective of sensing at the liquid/liquid interface for nonelectrically active substances in vivo to understand the physiological function of the brain.Excessive emissions of gaseous pollutants such as SO2, NOx, heavy metals (Hg, As, etc.), H2S, VOCs, etc. have triggered a series of environmental pollution incidents. Sulfate radical (SO4•-)-based advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) are one of the most promising gaseous pollutants removal technologies because they can not only produce active free radicals with strong oxidation ability to simultaneously degrade most of gaseous pollutants, but also their reaction processes are environmentally friendly. However, so far, the special review focusing on gaseous pollutants removal using SO4•--based AOTs is not reported. This review reports the latest advances in removal of gaseous pollutants (e.g., SO2, NOx, Hg, As, H2S, and VOCs) using SO4•--based AOTs. The performance, mechanism, active species identification and advantages/disadvantages of these removal technologies using SO4•--based AOTs are reviewed. The existing challenges and further research suggestions are also commented. Results show that SO4•--based AOoblems. In order to clarify removal mechanism, it is essential to select suitable free radical sacrificial agents, probes and spin trapping agents, which possess high selectivity for target specie, high solubility in water, and little effect on activity of catalyst itself and mass transfer/diffusion parameters. In order to further reduce investment and operating costs, it is necessary to carry out the related studies on simultaneous removal of more gaseous pollutants.Biological ion pumps with two separate gates can actively transport ions against the concentration gradient. Developing an artificial nanofluidic device with multiple responsive sites is of great importance to improve its controllability over ion transport to further explore its logic function and mimic the biological process. Here, we propose an electrochemical polymerization method to fabricate electrochemically switchable double-gate nanofluidic devices. The ion transport of the double-gate nanofluidic device can be in situ and reversibly switched among four different states. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/dl-ap5-2-apv.html 2-APV] The logic function of this nanofluidic device is systematically investigated by assuming the gate state as the input and the transmembrane ionic conductance as the output. A biomimetic electrochemical ion pump is then established by alternately applying two different specific logic combinations, realizing an active ion transport under a concentration gradient. This work would inspire further studies to construct complex logical networks and explore bioinspired ion pump systems.A novel approach for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) based on chemical ionization by Au+ ions has been proposed. The ionization is carried out in a commercially available dual sub-atmospheric pressure MALDI/ESI interface without any modifications. The Au+ ions are generated by laser ablation of a gold nanolayer with the MALDI laser, and VOCs are infused via the ESI capillary. The ultrahigh resolving power and sub-ppm mass accuracy of the employed mass spectrometer allow straightforward identification of the formed ion-molecule complexes and other products of Au+ interactions with VOCs in the gas phase. The performance of the technique is demonstrated on the analysis of various classes of organic molecules, namely, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aromatic compounds, carboxylic acids, ethers, or organosulfur compounds, expanding the portfolio of currently available methods for the analysis of VOCs such as secondary electrospray ionization, proton-transfer reaction, and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry.Thermal resistances from interfaces impede heat dissipation in micro/nanoscale electronics, especially for high-power electronics. Despite the growing importance of understanding interfacial thermal transport, advanced thermal characterization techniques that can visualize thermal conductance across buried interfaces, especially for nonmetal-nonmetal interfaces, are still under development. This work reports a dual-modulation-frequency time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) mapping technique (1.61 and 9.3 MHz) to visualize the thermal conduction across buried semiconductor interfaces for β-Ga2O3-SiC samples. Both the β-Ga2O3 thermal conductivity and the buried β-Ga2O3-SiC thermal boundary conductance (TBC) are visualized for an area of 200 × 200 μm simultaneously. Areas with low TBC values (≤20 MW/m2·K) are identified on the TBC map, which correspond to weakly bonded interfaces caused by high-temperature annealing. Additionally, the steady-state temperature rise induced by the TDTR laser, usually ignored in TDTR analysis, is found to be able to probe TBC variations of the buried interfaces without the typical limit of thermal penetration depth.