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Since its introduction into clinical practice nearly a decade ago, per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has now become an accepted minimally invasive approach for the treatment of achalasia with excellent short- and mid-term clinical outcomes in both treatment naïve and those who have failed prior therapy. POEM is comparable to laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) in terms of efficacy and safety, with less procedural pain and faster recovery time. Recent data also reveals that POEM may be more effective and durable than pneumatic dilation (PD) for the treatment of achalasia, with similar safety profile. Preliminary data on POEM for spastic esophageal disorders (SED) is promising yet scarce. Post-POEM gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common but asymptomatic in most patients, further highlighting the need for ongoing research in this field and the importance of long-term surveillance of these patients.We propose several considerations for implementation of critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) screening for low- and middle-income countries to assess health system readiness for countries that may not have all the downstream capacity needed for treatment of CCHD. The recommendations include (1) assessment of secondary and tertiary level CHD health services, (2) assessment of birth delivery center processes and staff training needs, (3) data collection on implementation and quality surgical outcomes, (4) budgetary consideration, and (5) consideration of the CCHD screening service as part of the overall patient care continuum.Public health programs in the United States screen more than four million babies each year for at least 30 genetic disorders. The Health and Human Services (HHS) Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children (ACHDNC) recommends the disorders for state newborn screening (NBS) programs to screen. ACHDNC updated the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel (RUSP) to include Pompe disease in March 2015. To support the expansion of screening for Pompe disease, the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) proposed the Newborn Screening Technical assistance and Evaluation Program (NewSTEPs) New Disorders Implementation Project, funded by the HHS' Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB). Through this project, APHL provided financial support to 15 state NBS programs to enable full implementation of screening for Pompe disease. As of April 27, 2020, nine of the 15 programs had fully implemented Pompe disease newborn screening and six programs are currently pursuing implementation. This article will discuss how states advanced to statewide implementation of screening for Pompe disease, the challenges associated with implementing screening for this condition, the lessons learned during the project, and recommendations for implementing screening for Pompe disease.Screening metrics are essential to both quality assessment and improvement, but are highly dependent on the way positive tests and cases are counted. In cystic fibrosis (CF) screening, key factors include how mild cases of late-presenting CF and CF screen positive, inconclusive diagnosis (CFSPID) are counted, whether those at prior increased risk of CF are excluded from the screened population, and which aspects of the screening pathway are considered. This paper draws on the New Zealand experience of almost forty years of newborn screening for CF. We demonstrate how different definitions impact the calculation of screening sensitivity. We suggest that, to enable meaningful comparison, CF screening reports should clarify what steps in the screening pathway are included in the assessment, as well as the algorithm used and screening target.Newborn screening for Cystic Fibrosis has been implemented in most programs worldwide, but the approach used varies, including combinations of immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) and CFTR mutation analysis on one or more specimens. The British Columbia (BC) newborn screening program tests ~45,000 infants per year in BC and the Yukon Territory, covering almost 1.5 million km2 in western Canada. CF screening was initiated using an IRT-DNA-IRT approach with a second bloodspot card at 21 days of age for all CFTR mutation heterozygotes and any non-carriers in the top 0.1% for IRT. This second IRT was implemented to avoid sweat testing of infants without persistent hypertrypsinemia, reducing the burden of travel for families. Over nine years (2010-2018), 401,977 infants were screened and CF was confirmed in 76, and a further 28 were deemed CF screen positive inconclusive diagnosis (CFSPID). Day 21 IRT was normal in 880 CFTR mutation carriers who were quoted a very low CF risk and offered optional sweat testing. Only 13% of families opted for sweat testing and a total of 1036 sweat tests were avoided. There were six false negative CF cases (and three CFSPID) due to a low initial IRT or no CFTR mutations. Although one CFSPID case had a normal repeat IRT result, the addition of the day 21 IRT did not contribute to any CF false negatives.Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common neuromuscular disease with autosomal recessive inheritance. The disease gene, SMN1, is homozygously deleted in 95% of SMA patients. Although SMA has been an incurable disease, treatment in infancy with newly developed drugs has dramatically improved the disease severity. Thus, there is a strong rationale for newborn and carrier screening for SMA, although implementing SMA carrier screening in the general population is controversial. We previously developed a simple, accurate newborn SMA screening system to detect homozygous SMN1 deletions using dried blood spots (DBS) on filter paper. Here, we modified our previous system to detect the heterozygous deletions of SMN1, which indicates SMA carrier status. The system involves a calibrator-normalized relative quantification method using quantitative nested PCR technology. Our system clearly separated the DBS samples with one SMN1 copy (carrier status with a heterozygous deletion of SMN1) from the DBS samples with two SMN1 copies (non-carrier status with no deletion of SMN1). We also analyzed DBS samples from SMA families, confirmed SMA in the affected children, and determined the carrier status of their parents based on the SMN1 copy number. In conclusion, our system will provide essential information for risk assessment and genetic counseling, at least for SMA families.Sweden has one neonatal screening laboratory, receiving 115 to 120 thousand samples per year. Among the one million babies screened by tandem mass spectrometry from November 2010 until July 2019, a total of 665 babies were recalled and 311 verified as having one of the diseases screened for with this methodology, giving a positive predictive value (PPV) of 47% and an incidence of 13200. The PPV was high (41%) already in the first year after start of screening, thanks to the availability of the collaborative project Region 4 Stork database. The PPV is presently 58%. This improvement was achieved by the implementation of second-tier analyses in the screening for methylmalonic aciduria, propionic aciduria, isovaleric aciduria, and homocystinuria, and the employment of various post analytical tools of the Region 4 Stork, and its successor the collaborative laboratory integrated reports.Newborn bloodspot screening for cystic fibrosis is a valid public health strategy for populations with a high incidence of this inherited condition. There are a wide variety of approaches to screening and in this paper, we propose that a bioethical framework is required to determine the most appropriate screening protocol for a population. This framework depends on the detailed evaluation of the ethical consequences of all screening outcomes and placing these in the context of the genetic profile of the population screened, the geography of the region and the healthcare resources available.<br /><br /> To analyze the coefficient of variation (CV) of external quality assessment (EQA) in Chinese newborn screening (NBS) laboratories.<br /><br /> EQA's robust CV was analyzed by the Clinet-EQA evaluation system.<br /><br /> Participating laboratories of the EQA program increased annually. There was more than a 11-fold increase in phenylalanine (Phe) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). It has shown a declining robust CV, which has tended to level off in recent years. The interquartile range (IQR) of Phe and TSH's robust CV has decreased from 15.5% to 1.5% and from 22.8% to 1.8%, respectively. Compared to bacterial inhibition assay (BIA), the robust CV of Phe has been shown to be relatively reduced in the fluorescence assay and quantitative enzymatic assay (QEA). The robust CV by ELISA was relatively unstable compared to DELFIA and FEIA. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tetramisole-hcl.html Tetramisole in vitro] In addition, the robust CVs of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 17-alpha-hydroxy progesterone (17-OHP) by Genetic Screening Processor (GSP) were lower than other systems. The median of robust CV by non-derivatized MS/MS (Fenghua) in Phe and free carnitine were around 2.2-4.7% and 2.6-5.2%.<br /><br /> Neonatal screening has developed rapidly in China and the majority of participant laboratories had satisfactory performance for the quantitative results.<br /><br />Neonatal screening has developed rapidly in China and the majority of participant laboratories had satisfactory performance for the quantitative results.Data were collected from 39 newborn screening (NBS) programs to provide insight into the time and factors required for implementing statewide screening for Pompe, Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I), adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). Newborn screening program readiness to screen statewide for a condition was assessed using four phases (1) approval to screen; (2) laboratory, follow-up, and information technology capabilities; (3) education; and (4) implementation of statewide newborn screening. Seventeen states (43.6%) reached statewide implementation for at least one new disorder. Those states reported that it took 28 months to implement statewide screening for Pompe and MPS I, 30.5 months for ALD, and 20 months for SMA. Using survival curve analysis to account for states still in progress, the estimated median time to statewide screening increased to 75 months for Pompe and 66 months for MPS I. When looking at how long each readiness component took to complete, laboratory readiness was one of the lengthier processes, taking about 39 months. Collaboration with other NBS programs and hiring were the most frequently mentioned facilitators to implementing newborn screening. Staffing or inability to hire both laboratory and follow-up staff was the most frequently mentioned barrier.In order to assess the effectiveness of the detection of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients by screening compared with diagnoses based on clinical manifestations, the data of the National CF Patient Registry (NCFPR) from the year 2012 (group I children aged 6-9 years, diagnosed prior to the start of screening) were compared with the data in the NCFPR from the year 2015 (group II children 6-9 years after the start of screening) for CF patients from the Moscow region. Homozygotes for c.1521_1523delCTT (F508del) were separately compared in both groups. The average diagnosis age, genotype, body mass index, spirometry data, pulmonary infection, medications, and presence of complications were analyzed. This study demonstrated that in the c.1521_1523delCTT (F508del) homozygote group, the patients diagnosed by screening had significant advantages over the patients born before the start of newborn screening in the diagnosis age, the number of patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, the pulmonary function, and the growth in the percentiles.